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 发表: 2006-05-04 16:36:19 人气:3677  
主谓一致的三条原则
在成人英语三级测试的“词汇与结构”一题中，考查主语和谓语一致关系的试题居多。所以主谓一致是各类一致关系中应该重点掌握的内容。现代英语主谓一致大致要遵循以下三条原则：1)语法一致原则。主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。
【例如】
My friend has no intention of going shopping with me.
My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.
2)意义一致原则。主语和谓语的一致不是由主语的语法形式来决定，而是由主语所表达的意义决定。
【例如】
The class are busying writing English passages.
The United States is a developed country which has advanced science and technology.
带有复数词尾的学科名称、国家等在意义是表示单数概念，用单数动词。
3)就近原则。谓语动词的单、复数取决于最靠近它的主语。由either....or, neither....nor, not only....but also连接或由here, there等引导的句子，谓语动词遵循这一原则。
【例如】Neither my friends nor I was able to persuade him to accept our advice.
Either he or she has broken the window, for there is no one else there.
There is a teacher and fifty students in the classroom.
动词时态语态
一、时态
1.现在时
2.过去时
3.将来时
二、语态
动词时态
英语动词从时间上看，有现在、过去、将来及过去将来之分。从体上看，有一般、进行、完成及完成进行之区别。英语时态共有16种，现以动词write 为例，将其16种形式列表如下：
现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般 write(s) wrote shall Write Will should writewould
进行 amis writingare was writingwere shall be writingwill should be writingwould
完成 have written has had written shall have writtenwill should have writtenwould
完成进行 have beenwritinghas had been writin shall have been writing will should have been writing would
以上16种时态中，过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、将来完成进行时以及过去将来完成进行时很少使用。因此常用的时态为12种，下面对12种时态简述如下：（其中英语自学考试要重点掌握的时态有：一般现在时、过去时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时、将来完成时等）
一般现在时
主要用来表示：
1. 客观事实与普遍真理，经常性或反复发生的动作及现在状态，常和always , every weekend , never , occasionally , often , on Sundays , seldom , once a week , usually 等状语连用。
My mother works at the same company as my father . 我母亲与我父亲在同一家公司工作。
Four plus two equals six . 四加二等于六。
He takes a walk after supper every day . 他每天晚饭后散步。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west . 日出东方，日落西方。
2．报刊标题，体育解说或舞台指导
CHINA HOSTS OLYMPIC GAMES
Charlton passes to Jodan ; Jodan shoots, it's a good goal. 查尔顿传球给乔丹，乔丹投篮，好球。
3．特殊用法：
a) 代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中。
Please wait till Jane arrives . 请等到简回来。
We'll go fishing if the weather is good tomorrow .
b) 表预先安排好的动作，常用于begin , close , depart , finish , open , stop 等动词。
The concert begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:30. 音乐会定于7时30分开始，9时30分结束。
现在进行时
1.表示现在某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作
They are discussing how to sell the goods elsewhere . 他们在讨论如何在别的地方销售这些商品。
He's talking to his girlfriend on the phone . 他正在和他的女朋友通电话。
2.一些表示状态和感觉的动词（静态动词）一般不用进行时态， 如hate , like , love , believe, think , look (看起来)，mind (在意)，have (有)， seem , remain , contain , deserve , owe , own ,require 等。
3．有些动词（如go , come , stay , leave , start 等）的现在进行时形式也可以表示将来即将发生的动作。
He is coming to see you tomorrow . 他明天要来看你。
The plane is leaving for London . 这架飞机要飞往伦敦。
现在完成时
1．现在完成时用来表示过去开始，但持续到现在的动作，或表示过去发生的动作，但对现在仍留下某种后果和影响。常和already , before , in the past few months , over the past 5 years, just , so far , up to now ,yet 等状语连用。
He can't go on holiday because He has broken his leg . 因为他把腿摔伤了，所以不能去度假。
I haven't seen her since 1991. 自1991年以来我就没有再看见她。
2．在It is the first time + that – 分句结构或It / This is +形容词最高级+名词后的从句中用现在完成时
It's the third time I have explained this particular aspect of grammar. 这是我第三次讲解这条语法的特殊用法。
He's the most interesting person I have ever met .
现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时用来表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，这个动作可能刚刚结束，或者可能要继续进行下去。
The children have been watching TV all morning . 这些孩子整个上午都在看电视。
一般过去时
一般过去时主要用来表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , three years ago , in 1998 等）连用。
He made the statement at a meeting with Ambassador Last Friday . 上周五他在与大使的会谈中发表了声明。
She often came to help me at that time . 那时她经常来帮助我。
1. 在时间状语从句中，代替过去将来时。
I missed that exciting game , because mother said I couldn't watch before my homework was finished .
我错过了那场激动人心的比赛，因为妈妈说我完做作业才能看电视。
2. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
a) 现在完成时强调动作现在的结果；过去时着眼过去的动作或状态。
He went to Africa . 他到非洲去了。
He has gone to Africa . 他已经到非洲去了。
He has been to Africa . 他去过非洲。
b) 表示过去的时间状语只用于过去时，不能用于现在完成时：
He died ten days ago .
He has been dead for ten days .
过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。
I was practicing my oral English at eight o'clock yesterday evening. 昨晚八点我正在练习英语口语。
When I saw her , she was working at the computer . 我看到她时她正在上机。
过去完成时
过去完成时用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。强调过去的过去。常和after , before , by , until 等引导的时间状语连用。过去完成时的形式是had + 动词过去分词。
When I came to her room , she had already left . 当我来到她房间时，她已离开那里了。
I waited until he had finished his work . 我一直等到他干完活。
1. 过去完成时通常与由介词“by + 表示过去时间的名词”构成的短语连用。例如：
By the end of last week we had already done half of the work. 到上星期为止，我们已经做了一半的工作了。
By the time I left the school I had taught that class for ten years. 到我离开学校的时候为止，我已经教了那个班十年了。
2. 过去完成时通常用在动词said, told, asked, explained, thought, wondered等引起的宾语从句中。例如：
I told them that I had done enough work for one day.
我告诉他们我这一天做的工作够多的了。
She wondered who had left the door open.
她想知道是谁没关门。
3. 在no sooner … than, hardly … when, scarcely … when, barely … when句型中，主句中的谓语动词通常要用过去完成时，从句中谓语动词要用一般过去时。例如：
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚一开口说话，听众就打断了他。
过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时用来表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。这个动作可能刚刚停止，也可能还在持续。过去完成进行时也是一个相对的时态，上下文中须有明示或暗示的作为参照的过去时间。过去进行时的形式是had been + doing。
Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year .
去年狄克决定戒烟，在这之前他已经抽了十年了。
She said she had been expecting your good news . 她说她一直期待着你的好消息。
一般将来时
主要用来表示将来发生的动作或情况以及未来的倾向：
将来时的多种表示法：
1. ＂ shall , will +动词原形＂
We shall start right away . 我们马上出发。
They will leave for HongKong tomorrow. 他们明天动身去香港。
2. ＂be going +不定式＂表示最近打算要做的事情。
What are you going to do this evening ? 你今天晚上干什么？
The wall is going to be painted green . 这堵墙将被漆成绿色。
3. ＂be to do＂ 表示按计划，日程要发生的事情。
We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约定在学校门口见。
There is to be a test in the tenth week. 第十周将有一次考试。
4. ＂be about +不定式＂ 表示“正要”，“刚要”发生的动作。
Autumn harvest is about to start . 秋收就要开始了。
5. 一般现在时表示将来见5.1.3
6. 现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作见5.2.3
将来进行时
将来进行时由shall或will+be +现在分词构成用来表示在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作，或按计划在未来将要进行的动作。
This time next week she will be working in that company . 下星期的这个时候她将在那家公司工作。
I'll be waiting for you at the hotel after supper . 晚饭后我将在旅馆等着你。
将来完成时
将来完成时由shall 或will +have done 构成用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。将来完成时常与by the end of this month, by then (5 o'clock) , this time next week , by the time 等时间状语连用。
We hope it will have stopped raining before we set off for the picnic . 我们希望在出发去野餐以前雨就已经停了。
I'll have done all the work by the time you are back this evening . 你们今晚回来的时候我就将作完全部工作。
1. 将来完成时通常与：“by+将来时间”和＂by the time that＂结构连用。例如：
① By the year 2050, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer.
到2050年，科学家们可能已经找到了治愈癌症的方法。
② By the time you arrive in London, we will have been staying in Europe for two weeks.
等你到达伦敦的时候，我们已经在欧洲呆了两星期了。
2. 在时间从句和条件从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时，表示将来某时业已完成的动作。例如：
① You'll get to like the subject after you have studied it for some time.
在学习这个学科一段时间之后，你就会喜欢它的。
② I'll go and see the exhibition as soon as I have finished my work.
我一做完作业就去看展览。
3. 将来完成时还可以表示“可能性”，或“设想”。例如：
It's five o'clock， they will have arrived home by now.
已经五点钟了，他们现在应该已经到家了。
过去将来时
表示在过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况，多见于主句谓语动词是一般过去时的宾语从句中。其形式由would 或 加动词原形构成。
He said that he would get married soon . 他说他不久就要结婚了。
[注] 和一般将来时一样， 过去将来是也有其它相应的表达形式。如 was (were)going to do 等。
动词语态
英语的语态问题主要是被动语态。关于被动语态，下面几个特点是需要掌握的：
1.动词被动语态的形式
一般 进行 完成
现在 is (am, are ) given is (am, are) being given has (have)been given
过去 was (were) given was (were) being given had been given
将来 will( shall) be given
过去将来 would (should) be given
2. 及物动词或起及物动词作用的动词短语才能有被动语态。
3. 感官动词，祈使动词(make, have, let)的主动语态用不带 "to"的动词不定式做宾语补语。但在被动结构中，作主语补语的动词不定式要带"to"。
We heard someone come up the stairs.
我们听见有人上楼。
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
听见有人上楼。
4. say, report, think（认为）, know, believe, seem, happen, prove, appear等动词常用被动语态，以带"to"的动词不定式作主语补语。不定式可以用现在时，完成时或进行时。例如：
The building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years ago.
据说那幢建筑在两年前的一场大火中烧掉了。
The country is known to be rich in natural resources.
据了解这个国家有丰富的自然资源。
5. 一些主动形式表示被动的情况
英语里有些不及物动词（其主语大都指物）可以表示被动意义。这种不及物动词有下列几种：
a）某些系动词，如smell, taste, sound, prove, feel等：
The flowers smell sweet. 这花儿很香。
That sounds very reasonable. 这话听上去很有道理。
b）某些与can't, won't等连用的不及物动词，如move, lock, shut, open等：
It can't move. 它不能动。
The door won't shut. 这门关不上。
c）某些可和well, easily, smoothly等副词连用的不及物动词，如read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, photograph等：
The poem reads smoothly. 这首诗读起来很流畅。
This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 这种米做饭比那种熟得快。
d）某些可用于“主+谓+主补”结构中的不及物动词，如：wear, blow等：
The door blew open. 门给吹开了。
反意疑问句
反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句。反义疑问句提出情况和看法，问对方同意不同意，这种问句都由两部分组成，前一部分用陈述句的形式，后一部分是一个附着在前一部分上的简短问句，如前一部分为肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式，前一部分为否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式，两部分的时态要一致。
反意疑问句主要有下列两种形式：
1．肯定的陈述句 ＋ 否定的附加疑问。例如：
That car is running fast, isn't it?
2．否定的陈述句 ＋ 肯定的附加疑问。 例如：
That car isn't running fast, is it?
几点应该注意的情况：
1．当陈述句部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody 等合成词时， 加疑问部分中的主语 在非正式文体中往往用 they。例如：
Nobody phoned while I was out, did they?
Everyone enjoyed the party, didn't they?
Somebody borrowed my pen yesterday, didn't they?
2. 当陈述部分是 there- 存在句时，附加疑问句部分的动词用肯定形式。例如：
There's no help for it, is there?
There's something wrong, isn't there?
3. 陈述部分带有 seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing 等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。例如：
Bob rarely got drunk, did he?
Few people know him, do they?
She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?
4．如果陈述部分是 I'm … 结构，附加疑问部分一般用aren't I. 例如：
I'm late, aren't I?
5. 如果陈述部分以不定代词one 作主语，附加疑问句部分的主语在正式场合用 one，在非正式场合用 you。例如：
One can't be too careful, can one/can you?
6. 当陈述部分是一个带有 that-分词作宾语的主从结构时，附加疑问部分一般应与主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。例如：
She says (that) I did it, doesn't she?
但是，当陈述部分的主句是 I suppose, I think, I believe 等结构时，附加疑问部分则往往与that-
分句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。例如：
I suppose (that) he's serious, isn't he?
I don't think (that) she cares, doesn't she?
7． 当陈述部分带有表示“所有”含义的动词 have 时，附加疑问部分既可以用have形式，也可用do 形式；如果陈述部分的动词是have的否定形式，附加疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式，取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如：
You have a Rolls-Royce, haven't you/don't you?
He hasn't a lot of time to spare, has he?
Miss Smith doesn't have any money in her pocket, does she?
当陈述部分的have不表示“所有”而表示其他含义时，附加疑问部分则用do形式。例如：
You often have headaches, don't you?
She had a good time yesterday, didn't she?
8. 陈述部分带有情态动词 ought to时，附加疑问部分在英国英语中仍用ought to形式，但在美国英语中常用should形式。例如：
The child ought to be punished, oughtn't he?
We ought to go there, shouldn't we?
9. 陈述部分带有情态动词used to时，附加疑问部分可用used to形式或did形式。例如：
The Greens used to live in the country, usedn't they?
He used to smoke fifty cigarettes a day, didn't he?
10. 陈述部分带有情态动词needn't时，附加疑问部分常用need，但有时也可用must。例如：
You needn't go yet, need you?
He needn't do that, must he?
11. 陈述部分带有情态动词must表示“必须”时，附加疑问部分用mustn't。例如：
You must work hard next term, mustn't you?
当陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时，附加疑问部分则用needn't。例如：
You must go home right now, needn't you?
当mustn't表示“禁止”时，附加疑问部分一般用must。例如：
You mustn't walk on grass, must you?
当陈述部分的must 表示“一定”、“想必”等推测意义时，附加疑问部分不用must，而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构采用相应的主动词或助动词形式。例如：
He must be very tired, isn't he? (He must be very tired = I'm sure he is very tired.)
He must have waited here for a long time, hasn't he? (He must have waited…= I'm sure he has waited …)
You must have seen the play last week, didn't you? (You must have seen…= I am sure you saw…)
12. 在由“祈使句＋附加疑问”构成的附加疑问问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, won't you, would you, 有时也可用can you, can't you, why don't you, could you 等。例如：
Don't move the chair, will you?
Be quiet, would you?
Give me some cigarettes, can you?
Be quiet, can't you?
但是，以let's 开首的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we。例如：
Let's go camping, shall we?
Let's stop here, shall we?
以Let us开首的祈使句，如果含义是 allow us，不包括听话人在内时，附加疑问部分则用will you。例如：
Let us go now, will you?
Let us have a look at your book, will you?
13．当陈述部分是并列句，疑问部分通常与最临近的分句保持一致。例如：
He is a teacher，but his wife is an engineer，isn't she?
语法练习
1. I'm afraid that he is afraid of being punished , ______？ A
A. isn't she B.aren't I
C. am I D.should she
分析
正确答案是 A。部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。又如：
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
2. He must be in the next classroom, _______？ D
A. must he B.mustn't he
C.needn't he D.isn't he
分析
正确答案是 D。陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定表示推测意义时，反意问句的动词要与推测部分的动词相一致。又如：
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
3.We have to get the work done tomorrow, _______ ? C
A.haven't we B.have we
C. don't we D.must we
分析
正确答案是 C。陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。
4.You'd like to go to the movie with me, _______? A
A. wouldn't you B.will you
C.do you D.shall we
分析
正确答案是 A。陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
5.No one phoned me this morning, __________? C
A. didn't you B.didn't he
C.did they D.didn't they
分析
正确答案是 C。当陈述部分有everyone, someone, no one, anyone等表示人的不定代词作主语时，“尾巴”中的主语用单复数都可以。又如：
Everyone is here, isn't he/ aren't they？
No one liked this film, did he/ did they？
6.Tom had been to Beijing many times, he should have been in China now, _____shouldn't he? C
A.hadn't he B.is he
C.shouldn't he D.hasn't he
分析
正确答案是 C。由"but、and、or"引导的并列句，反意问句按邻近一致的原则。
Tom is a doctor, but his wife is a language teacher, isn't she?
7.Be quiet, _______? D
A.are you B.must you
C.don't you D.won't you
分析
正确答案是 D。肯定祈使句 ＋ will you ? 多表“请求”。
Come here early next time, will you?
肯定祈使句 ＋ won't you ? 多表“提醒注意”。
Listen to me attentively, won't you?
表邀请，请求多用 will you ，但也可根据需要选用其他形式。
Sing us a song, would you?
Turn off the light, won't you?
表提醒某人做某事 ，除 won't you 外 ，还可用 would you ,can you 等。
Do write down your name have, would you?
Stop talking, can you?
8.You haven't a lot of money, ________？ C
A. do you B. haven't you
C. have you D. don't you
分析
正确答案是 C。动词have (has) 当“有”的意思讲时，尾巴中的谓语还是用have (has)的相应形式（前肯后否，前否后肯）。如：
He has a lot of books, hasn't he?
9.They had a sports meeting, ________？ B
A.had they B.didn't they
C.did they D.hadn't they
分析
正确答案是 B。当have与其它词构成某些短语，have本身已不再是“有”的意思时，尾巴中的谓语就要用do的相应形式。
10.I am not a driver, ______？ A
A.am I B. aren't I
C.am not I D.are I
分析
正确答案是 A。当主语是第一人称单数（即"I"），谓语部分是am时，其反意问句用aren't；如果谓语是am not时，反意问句用am，如：
I am reading this article, aren't I？
11.Let us go to the movies, _______will you？ D
A.won't you B. shall we
C.will we D.will you
分析
正确答案是 D。Let's和Let us表示意思不同，反意问句也不同：
Let's中的us已与let融为一体，所以Let's中的us既包括说话人又包括听话人，二者同属一方，表示建议，反意问句用"shall we？"； 而Let us中的us只代表说话人自己一方，不包括听话人，表示请求，反意问句用"will you？"。 否定的Let's not，反意问句用"OK？"或"all right？" 如：
Let's go to the movies, shall we？
Let's not go to the dance, OK/ all right？
12.She dislikes talking to strangers, _______? B
A.does she B. doesn't she
C.isn't it D.is it
分析
正确答案是 B。当陈述部分含有由 un, in , im, il, ir 等否定前缀构成的派生词时，虽意思是“不”，但疑问部分仍要用否定式。
13. I think there is something wrong with the computer, ______? C
A.do I B. don't I
C.isn't there D.isn't it
分析
正确答案是 C。当陈述部分主句的主、谓是 I (We) think(believe, imagine, expect, feel 等)加 that 引导的宾语从句时，疑问部分的主语（代词）和动词要与从句的一致。
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