注册 登录 查询
首页 >> 【北大学位英语官方网站】北京地区成人三级英语网论坛 >> 〓学员心声〓 >> ∞模拟题与考试资源∞ >> 查看帖子
 新帖 新投票 回复帖子 上篇 刷新 树型 下篇  


 帖子主题: 快点这里是三级语法
 

快点这里是三级语法

三级语法(1)
动词时态语态
                               一、时态
                             1.现在时
                             2.过去时
                             3.将来时
                              二、语态
动词时态  
  英语动词从时间上看,有现在、过去、将来及过去将来之分。从体上看,有一般、进行、完成及完成进行之区别。英语时态共有16种,现以动词write 为例,将其16种形式列表如下:
       现在      过去      将来      过去将来
一般      write(s)      wrote      shall   Write Will      should    writewould
进行      amis writingare      was   writingwere      shall   be writingwill      should   be writingwould
完成      have   written has      had written      shall   have writtenwill      should    have writtenwould
完成进行      have   beenwritinghas      had been writin      shall   have been    writing will      should    have been     writing would
  以上16种时态中,过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、将来完成进行时以及过去将来完成进行时很少使用。因此常用的时态为12种,下面对12种时态简述如下:(其中英语自学考试要重点掌握的时态有:一般现在时、过去时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时、将来完成时等)

一般现在时
  主要用来表示:
  1. 客观事实与普遍真理,经常性或反复发生的动作及现在状态,常和always , every weekend , never , occasionally , often , on Sundays , seldom , once a week , usually 等状语连用。
  My mother works at the same company as my father . 我母亲与我父亲在同一家公司工作。
  Four plus two equals six . 四加二等于六。
  He takes a walk after supper every day . 他每天晚饭后散步。
  The sun rises in the east and sets in the west . 日出东方,日落西方。
 2.报刊标题,体育解说或舞台指导
  CHINA HOSTS OLYMPIC GAMES
  Charlton passes to Jodan ; Jodan shoots, it's a good goal. 查尔顿传球给乔丹,乔丹投篮,好球。
  3.特殊用法:
  a) 代替将来时,用于时间和条件状语从句中。
  Please wait till Jane arrives . 请等到简回来。
  We'll go fishing if the weather is good tomorrow .
  b) 表预先安排好的动作,常用于begin , close , depart , finish , open , stop 等动词。
  The concert begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:30. 音乐会定于7时30分开始,9时30分结束。
现在进行时
  1.表示现在某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作
  They are discussing how to sell the goods elsewhere . 他们在讨论如何在别的地方销售这些商品。
  He's talking to his girlfriend on the phone . 他正在和他的女朋友通电话。
2.一些表示状态和感觉的动词(静态动词)一般不用进行时态, 如hate , like , love , believe, think , look (看起来),mind (在意),have (有), seem , remain , contain , deserve , owe , own ,require 等。
3.有些动词(如go , come , stay , leave , start 等)的现在进行时形式也可以表示将来即将发生的动作。
He is coming to see you tomorrow . 他明天要来看你。
The plane is leaving for London . 这架飞机要飞往伦敦。

现在完成时
  1.现在完成时用来表示过去开始,但持续到现在的动作,或表示过去发生的动作,但对现在仍留下某种后果和影响。常和already , before , in the past few months , over the past 5 years, just , so far , up to now ,yet 等状语连用。
  He can't go on holiday because He has broken his leg . 因为他把腿摔伤了,所以不能去度假。
  I haven't seen her since 1991. 自1991年以来我就没有再看见她。
  2.在It is the first time + that – 分句结构或It / This is +形容词最高级+名词后的从句中用现在完成时
  It's the third time I have explained this particular aspect of grammar. 这是我第三次讲解这条语法的特殊用法。
  He's the most interesting person I have ever met .
现在完成进行时
  现在完成进行时用来表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能刚刚结束,或者可能要继续进行下去。
The children have been watching TV all morning . 这些孩子整个上午都在看电视。
一般过去时
  一般过去时主要用来表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,常和表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday , last week , three years ago , in 1998 等)连用。
  He made the statement at a meeting with Ambassador Last Friday . 上周五他在与大使的会谈中发表了声明。
  She often came to help me at that time . 那时她经常来帮助我。
  1. 在时间状语从句中,代替过去将来时。
  I missed that exciting game , because mother said I couldn't watch before my homework was finished .
  我错过了那场激动人心的比赛,因为妈妈说我完做作业才能看电视。
  2. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别:
  a) 现在完成时强调动作现在的结果;过去时着眼过去的动作或状态。
  He went to Africa . 他到非洲去了。
  He has gone to Africa . 他已经到非洲去了。
  He has been to Africa . 他去过非洲。
  b) 表示过去的时间状语只用于过去时,不能用于现在完成时:
  He died ten days ago .
  He has been dead for ten days .
过去进行时
  表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。
  I was practicing my oral English at eight o'clock yesterday evening. 昨晚八点我正在练习英语口语。
  When I saw her , she was working at the computer . 我看到她时她正在上机。
过去完成时
  过去完成时用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作,或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。强调过去的过去。常和after , before , by , until 等引导的时间状语连用。过去完成时的形式是had + 动词过去分词。
  When I came to her room , she had already left . 当我来到她房间时,她已离开那里了。
  I waited until he had finished his work . 我一直等到他干完活。
  1. 过去完成时通常与由介词“by + 表示过去时间的名词”构成的短语连用。例如:
By the end of last week we had already done half of the work. 到上星期为止,我们已经做了一半的工作了。
  By the time I left the school I had taught that class for ten years. 到我离开学校的时候为止,我已经教了那个班十年了。
  2. 过去完成时通常用在动词said, told, asked, explained, thought, wondered等引起的宾语从句中。例如:
  I told them that I had done enough work for one day.
  我告诉他们我这一天做的工作够多的了。
  She wondered who had left the door open.
  她想知道是谁没关门。
  3. 在no sooner … than, hardly … when, scarcely … when, barely … when句型中,主句中的谓语动词通常要用过去完成时,从句中谓语动词要用一般过去时。例如:
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
  他刚一开口说话,听众就打断了他。
过去完成进行时
  过去完成进行时用来表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。这个动作可能刚刚停止,也可能还在持续。过去完成进行时也是一个相对的时态,上下文中须有明示或暗示的作为参照的过去时间。过去进行时的形式是had been + doing。
  Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year .
  去年狄克决定戒烟,在这之前他已经抽了十年了。
  She said she had been expecting your good news . 她说她一直期待着你的好消息。
一般将来时
  主要用来表示将来发生的动作或情况以及未来的倾向:
  将来时的多种表示法:
  1. " shall , will +动词原形"
  We shall start right away . 我们马上出发。
  They will leave for HongKong tomorrow. 他们明天动身去香港。
  2. "be going +不定式"表示最近打算要做的事情。
  What are you going to do this evening ? 你今天晚上干什么?
  The wall is going to be painted green . 这堵墙将被漆成绿色。
  3. "be to do" 表示按计划,日程要发生的事情。
  We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约定在学校门口见。
  There is to be a test in the tenth week. 第十周将有一次考试。
  4. "be about +不定式" 表示“正要”,“刚要”发生的动作。
  Autumn harvest is about to start . 秋收就要开始了。
  5. 一般现在时表示将来见5.1.3
  6. 现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作见5.2.3
将来进行时
  将来进行时由shall或will+be +现在分词构成用来表示在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作,或按计划在未来将要进行的动作。
  This time next week she will be working in that company . 下星期的这个时候她将在那家公司工作。
  I'll be waiting for you at the hotel after supper . 晚饭后我将在旅馆等着你。
将来完成时
  将来完成时由shall 或will +have done 构成用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。将来完成时常与by the end of this month, by then (5 o'clock) , this    time next week , by the time 等时间状语连用。
  We hope it will have stopped raining before we set off for the picnic . 我们希望在出发去野餐以前雨就已经停了。
  I'll have done all the work by the time you are back this evening . 你们今晚回来的时候我就将作完全部工作。
  1. 将来完成时通常与:“by+将来时间”和"by the time that"结构连用。例如:
  ① By the year 2050, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer.
  到2050年,科学家们可能已经找到了治愈癌症的方法。
  ② By the time you arrive in London, we will have been staying in Europe for two weeks.
  等你到达伦敦的时候,我们已经在欧洲呆了两星期了。
  2. 在时间从句和条件从句中,现在完成时可以代替将来完成时,表示将来某时业已完成的动作。例如:
  ① You'll get to like the subject after you have studied it for some time.
  在学习这个学科一段时间之后,你就会喜欢它的。
  ② I'll go and see the exhibition as soon as I have finished my work.
  我一做完作业就去看展览。
  3. 将来完成时还可以表示“可能性”,或“设想”。例如:
  It's five o'clock, they will have arrived home by now.
  已经五点钟了,他们现在应该已经到家了。
过去将来时
  表示在过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,多见于主句谓语动词是一般过去时的宾语从句中。其形式由would 或 加动词原形构成。
  He said that he would get married soon . 他说他不久就要结婚了。
[注] 和一般将来时一样, 过去将来是也有其它相应的表达形式。如 was (were)going to do 等。

动词语态  
英语的语态问题主要是被动语态。关于被动语态,下面几个特点是需要掌握的:
  1.动词被动语态的形式
       一般      进行      完成
现在      is (am, are ) given      is (am, are) being given      has (have)been given
过去      was (were) given      was (were) being given      had been given
将来      will( shall) be given            
过去将来      would (should) be given            
  2. 及物动词或起及物动词作用的动词短语才能有被动语态。
  3. 感官动词,祈使动词(make, have, let)的主动语态用不带 "to"的动词不定式做宾语补语。但在被动结构中,作主语补语的动词不定式要带"to"。
  We heard someone come up the stairs.
  我们听见有人上楼。
  Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
  听见有人上楼。
  4. say, report, think(认为), know, believe, seem, happen, prove, appear等动词常用被动语态,以带"to"的动词不定式作主语补语。不定式可以用现在时,完成时或进行时。例如:
  The building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years ago.
  据说那幢建筑在两年前的一场大火中烧掉了。
  The country is known to be rich in natural resources.
  据了解这个国家有丰富的自然资源。
  5. 一些主动形式表示被动的情况
  英语里有些不及物动词(其主语大都指物)可以表示被动意义。这种不及物动词有下列几种:
  a)某些系动词,如smell, taste, sound, prove, feel等:
  The flowers smell sweet. 这花儿很香。
  That sounds very reasonable. 这话听上去很有道理。
  b)某些与can't, won't等连用的不及物动词,如move, lock, shut, open等:
  It can't move. 它不能动。
  The door won't shut. 这门关不上。
  c)某些可和well, easily, smoothly等副词连用的不及物动词,如read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, photograph等:
  The poem reads smoothly. 这首诗读起来很流畅。
  This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 这种米做饭比那种熟得快。
  d)某些可用于“主+谓+主补”结构中的不及物动词,如:wear, blow等:
  The door blew open. 门给吹开了。


三级语法(2)
反意疑问句

反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句。反义疑问句提出情况和看法,问对方同意不同意,这种问句都由两部分组成,前一部分用陈述句的形式,后一部分是一个附着在前一部分上的简短问句,如前一部分为肯定形式,后一部分通常用否定形式,前一部分为否定形式,后一部分就用肯定形式,两部分的时态要一致。
反意疑问句主要有下列两种形式:
  1.肯定的陈述句 + 否定的附加疑问。例如:
  That car is running fast, isn't it?
  2.否定的陈述句 + 肯定的附加疑问。 例如:
That car isn't running fast, is it?
几点应该注意的情况:
  1.当陈述句部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody 等合成词时, 加疑问部分中的主语 在非正式文体中往往用 they。例如:
  Nobody phoned while I was out, did they?
  Everyone enjoyed the party, didn't they?
Somebody borrowed my pen yesterday, didn't they?
2. 当陈述部分是 there- 存在句时,附加疑问句部分的动词用肯定形式。例如:
  There's no help for it, is there?
There's something wrong, isn't there?
3. 陈述部分带有 seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing 等否定词或半否定词时,附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。例如:
  Bob rarely got drunk, did he?
  Few people know him, do they?
  She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?
  4.如果陈述部分是 I'm … 结构,附加疑问部分一般用aren't I. 例如:
  I'm late, aren't I?
  5. 如果陈述部分以不定代词one 作主语,附加疑问句部分的主语在正式场合用 one,在非正式场合用 you。例如:
  One can't be too careful, can one/can you?
  6. 当陈述部分是一个带有 that-分词作宾语的主从结构时,附加疑问部分一般应与主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。例如:
  She says (that) I did it, doesn't she?
  但是,当陈述部分的主句是 I suppose, I think, I believe 等结构时,附加疑问部分则往往与that-
  分句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系,但要注意否定的转移。例如:
  I suppose (that) he's serious, isn't he?
  I don't think (that) she cares, doesn't she?
  7. 当陈述部分带有表示“所有”含义的动词 have 时,附加疑问部分既可以用have形式,也可用do 形式;如果陈述部分的动词是have的否定形式,附加疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式,取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如:
  You have a Rolls-Royce, haven't you/don't you?
  He hasn't a lot of time to spare, has he?
  Miss Smith doesn't have any money in her pocket, does she?
  当陈述部分的have不表示“所有”而表示其他含义时,附加疑问部分则用do形式。例如:
  You often have headaches, don't you?
  She had a good time yesterday, didn't she?
  8. 陈述部分带有情态动词 ought to时,附加疑问部分在英国英语中仍用ought to形式,但在美国英语中常用should形式。例如:
  The child ought to be punished, oughtn't he?
  We ought to go there, shouldn't we?
  9. 陈述部分带有情态动词used to时,附加疑问部分可用used to形式或did形式。例如:
  The Greens used to live in the country, usedn't they?
  He used to smoke fifty cigarettes a day, didn't he?
  10. 陈述部分带有情态动词needn't时,附加疑问部分常用need,但有时也可用must。例如:
  You needn't go yet, need you?
  He needn't do that, must he?
  11. 陈述部分带有情态动词must表示“必须”时,附加疑问部分用mustn't。例如:
  You must work hard next term, mustn't you?
  当陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问部分则用needn't。例如:
  You must go home right now, needn't you?
  当mustn't表示“禁止”时,附加疑问部分一般用must。例如:
  You mustn't walk on grass, must you?
  当陈述部分的must 表示“一定”、“想必”等推测意义时,附加疑问部分不用must,而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构采用相应的主动词或助动词形式。例如:
  He must be very tired, isn't he? (He must be very tired = I'm sure he is very tired.)
  He must have waited here for a long time, hasn't he? (He must have waited…= I'm sure he has waited …)
  You must have seen the play last week, didn't you? (You must have seen…= I am sure you saw…)
  12. 在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问问句中,附加疑问部分一般用will you, won't you, would you, 有时也可用can you, can't you, why don't you, could you 等。例如:
  Don't move the chair, will you?
  Be quiet, would you?
  Give me some cigarettes, can you?
  Be quiet, can't you?
  但是,以let's 开首的祈使句,附加疑问部分用shall we。例如:
  Let's go camping, shall we?
  Let's stop here, shall we?
  以Let us开首的祈使句,如果含义是 allow us,不包括听话人在内时,附加疑问部分则用will you。例如:
  Let us go now, will you?
  Let us have a look at your book, will you?
  13.当陈述部分是并列句,疑问部分通常与最临近的分句保持一致。例如:
He is a teacher,but his wife is an engineer,isn't she?

 语法练习
 1. I'm afraid that he is afraid of being punished , ______? A
 A. isn't she  B.aren't I
 C. am I  D.should she
分析
  正确答案是 A。部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。又如:
  I don't think he is bright, is he?
  We believe she can do it better, can't she?
 2. He must be in the next classroom, _______? D
 A. must he   B.mustn't he  
 C.needn't he   D.isn't he
分析
  正确答案是 D。陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定表示推测意义时,反意问句的动词要与推测部分的动词相一致。又如:
  He must be a doctor, isn't he?
  You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
  He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
 3.We have to get the work done tomorrow, _______ ?  C
 A.haven't we   B.have we  
 C. don't we   D.must we
 分析
  正确答案是 C。陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。
 4.You'd like to go to the movie with me, _______? A
 A. wouldn't you   B.will you  
 C.do you   D.shall we
 分析
  正确答案是 A。陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
 5.No one phoned me this morning, __________? C
 A. didn't you   B.didn't he  
 C.did they   D.didn't they
 分析
  正确答案是 C。当陈述部分有everyone, someone, no one, anyone等表示人的不定代词作主语时,“尾巴”中的主语用单复数都可以。又如:
  Everyone is here, isn't he/ aren't they?
  No one liked this film, did he/ did they?
 6.Tom had been to Beijing many times, he should have been in China now, _____shouldn't he? C
 A.hadn't he   B.is he  
 C.shouldn't he   D.hasn't he  
 分析
  正确答案是 C。由"but、and、or"引导的并列句,反意问句按邻近一致的原则。
  Tom is a doctor, but his wife is a language teacher, isn't she?
 7.Be quiet, _______?  D
 A.are you   B.must you  
 C.don't you   D.won't you
 分析
  正确答案是 D。肯定祈使句 + will you ? 多表“请求”。
  Come here early next time, will you?
  肯定祈使句 + won't you ? 多表“提醒注意”。
  Listen to me attentively, won't you?
  表邀请,请求多用 will you ,但也可根据需要选用其他形式。
  Sing us a song, would you?
  Turn off the light, won't you?
  表提醒某人做某事 ,除 won't you 外 ,还可用 would you ,can you 等。
  Do write down your name have, would you?
  Stop talking, can you?
 8.You haven't a lot of money, ________? C
 A. do you   B. haven't you  
 C. have you   D. don't you  
 分析
  正确答案是 C。动词have (has) 当“有”的意思讲时,尾巴中的谓语还是用have (has)的相应形式(前肯后否,前否后肯)。如:
  He has a lot of books, hasn't he?  
 9.They had a sports meeting, ________? B
 A.had they   B.didn't they  
 C.did they   D.hadn't they
 分析
  正确答案是 B。当have与其它词构成某些短语,have本身已不再是“有”的意思时,尾巴中的谓语就要用do的相应形式。
 10.I am not a driver, ______? A
 A.am I   B. aren't I   
 C.am not I   D.are I
 分析
  正确答案是 A。当主语是第一人称单数(即"I"),谓语部分是am时,其反意问句用aren't;如果谓语是am not时,反意问句用am,如:
I am reading this article, aren't I?
   
 11.Let us go to the movies, _______will you? D
 A.won't you   B. shall we  
 C.will we   D.will you
 分析
  正确答案是 D。Let's和Let us表示意思不同,反意问句也不同:
  Let's中的us已与let融为一体,所以Let's中的us既包括说话人又包括听话人,二者同属一方,表示建议,反意问句用"shall we?"; 而Let us中的us只代表说话人自己一方,不包括听话人,表示请求,反意问句用"will you?"。 否定的Let's not,反意问句用"OK?"或"all right?" 如:
  Let's go to the movies, shall we?
  Let's not go to the dance, OK/ all right?
12.She dislikes talking to strangers, _______? B
 A.does she   B. doesn't she
  C.isn't it   D.is it
分析
  正确答案是 B。当陈述部分含有由 un, in , im, il, ir 等否定前缀构成的派生词时,虽意思是“不”,但疑问部分仍要用否定式。  
13.   I think there is something wrong with the computer, ______? C
  A.do I   B. don't I   
 C.isn't there   D.isn't it  
分析
  正确答案是 C。当陈述部分主句的主、谓是 I (We) think(believe, imagine, expect, feel 等)加 that 引导的宾语从句时,疑问部分的主语(代词)和动词要与从句的一致。



三级语法(3)

非谓语动词
                      1.非谓语动词用作主语
                      2.非谓语动词用作宾语
                      3.非谓语动词用作定语
                      4.非谓语动词用作状语
                      5.非谓语动词用作宾补
   非谓语动词为英语自学考试中出题最多的题型,重点考查不定式,分词和动名词
的句法功能。下面就非谓语动词的用法作一简要概述。
【用作主语】
  非谓语动词能用作主语的只有不定式和动名词,它们在这一用法上略有区别:
  1. 表示抽象的概念时,可用不定式或动名词作主语;表示个别的,具体的动作或
表示将来的意思时,只能用不定式作主语。
  ① To solve the problem is out of question. 解决这个问题不在话下。
  (表示个别,具体的动作,不用动名词短语solving the problem作主语。)
  ② We can not accept this idea. To accept it means to give up our stand.
  我们不能接受这个观点,接受它就意味着放弃了我们自己的立场。
  (To accept表示一种将来的含义。)
  2. 1)不定式短语和动名词短语作主语时常用形式主语it引导。有时两者可互用。
  It is not easy to master (mastering) a foreign language. 掌握一门外语不容易。
2)但在It is no good/ use / help/ point/ sense …, 和There is no … 等句式中,一般用动名词,不可用不定式代替。
  ① There is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶撒了,哭也没有用。
  ② It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.
  给他写信一点用也没有,他从不回信。
  Is there any good trying to explain? 解释会有用吗
  3)不定式的复合结构常用“It + be + adj. + for + 代词宾格+不定式”的句式,其中不定式是真正的主语,代词宾格为它的逻辑主语。
  ① It is necessary for us to do some more practice. 我们必须多做一些练习。
  ② That is really kind of you to say so. 你这样说真是太好了。
  (在口语中,如果形容词和逻辑主语的关系很密切,常用of代替for,组成习惯用法。)
【用作宾语】
  不定式和动名词均可用作宾语。
  1. 一些动词要求用不定式作宾语,常见的有:afford, agree, ask, want, hope, decide, like, wish, try, learn, except, prefer, begin, help, offer, start, fail, plan, promise, refuse, 等动词。
  I can not afford to buy a new car. 我买不起一辆新车。
  2. 一些动词要求用动名词作宾语,常见的有:enjoy, finish, avoid, excuse, mind, suggest, practise, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, quit, risk, stop, miss, complete, escape, mention, favor等动词。
  ①He still did not admit stealing the diamond. 他仍然不承认偷了钻石。
  ②You should practise speaking English as much as possible. 你应该多练习说英语。
  3. 有些动词后既可跟不定式又可跟动名词作宾语。这有几种情况:
  1)如like, begin, start, want, love, hate, attempt, continue, intend, prefer等动词,跟不定式或动名词作宾语意思差别不太大。一般说来,用动名词表示的是抽象的,时间不确定的动作;用不定式表示的是具体的,确切的动作。
  ① I like walking to school. 我喜欢步行去上学。(表示一个总体抽象的概念)
 ② I would like to walk to school today. 我今天想步行去上学。(表示一个具体的,确切的动作)
  2) 有些动词,如stop, remember, forget, try, propose, mean, regret等,后接不定式和接动名词意思不同。
  stop to do 停下来去做某事
  stop doing 停止做某事
  remember/forget to do 记得/忘了要去做某事
  remember/forget doing 记得/忘了做过某事
  try to do 努力,企图
  try doing 试一试某种方法
  regret to do 对尚未做或正在做的事表示遗憾
  regret doing 对做过的事表示后悔
  mean to do 打算做某事
  mean doing 意味着
  propose to do 打算做某事
  propose doing 建议做某事
  ① I do not remember ever meeting that man. 我不记得见过那个人。
  Please remember to phone me when you get there. 请到那儿之后给我打电话。
  ② I propose resting for half an hour. 我建议休息半个小时。
  I propose to go to London this summer. 我打算夏天到伦敦去。
  ③ I regret to tell you that you lost the game. 我非常遗憾地通知你,你输了。
3) 有些动词,如advise, admit, allow, authorize, bear, consider, like,encourage, forbid, intend, permit, recommend等,可同时用于“主语 + 动词 + 动名词”和“主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 不定式”的结构中。
① They encouraged learning English by radio. 他们鼓励通过收音机学英语。
  They encouraged me to learn English by radio. 他们鼓励我通过收音机学英语。
② She recommended visiting the Great Wall. 她推荐游览长城。
  She recommended us to visit the Great Wall. 她建议我们游览长城。
  4)need, want, require, deserve, demand, bear等动词后,跟不定式时,用被动形式表示被动含义;跟动名词时,用主动形式表被动含义。注意:此时主语多为物。
  This book deserves mentioning / to be mentioned. 这本书值得一提。
  The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned. 屋子需要打扫了。
【用作定语】
  1. 不定式,动名词和分词都可作定语。
  1)不定式作定语,一般后置,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上存在着动宾关系。因此,如不定式为不及物动词,需带相应的介词。
  The subject I am going to write about is rather interesting.
  我正要写的这个题目十分有意思。(write 后需加上介词about)
  2)动名词作定语相当于名词作定语,一般前置。
  ① a swimming pool 游泳池
  ② reading material 阅读材料
  3)分词作定语相当于形容词作定语,单个分词作定语一般前置(但单个过去分词
常后置),分词短语总是后置。
  Matter is the name given to everything which has weight and occupies space.
  物质是一种名称,用来指任何一个有重量占空间的东西。
  2. 分词与不定式作定语的区别:
  1)现在分词作定语表示事实,正在进行之事;不定式作定语表示目的,忠告,将
要做之事。
  2)分词作定语时,单个分词作定语一般前置(但单个过去分词常后置),分词短
语总是后置;不定式作定语,一般后置,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上存在着动宾关系
或主谓关系。
  ① The next train to arrive was from New York.下一辆到站的列车是从纽约开来的。(train和arrive构成主谓关系;to arrive是一种将来的动作。)
  ② I need a pen to write with. 我需要一只笔写字。(pen和write构成主谓关系;介词with不可省。)
  ③ He has too many things to do. 他要做的事情太多了。(do和things构成动
宾关系;to do是一种将来的动作。)
  ④ A little child learning to walk often falls. 学走路的孩子常常摔跤。(learning to walk表示一种正在进行之动作。)
  ⑤ He wants his egg fried. 他要吃煎鸡蛋。(fried为过去分词,后置,有一种被动的含义,等于to be fried)
【用作状语】
  1. 不定式和分词都可用作状语。
  1) 不定式作状语常用作目的状语,原因状语,结果状语,表示一种目的,结果,
或者表示未来的动作。分词作状语,可表示时间,原因,伴随状况,让步,条件,方式等。
  2) 现在分词作状语表示一种主动。过去分词作状语表示被动,并常用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。
  ① To become a teacher, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree. 要成为一名教师,至少必须得有硕士学位。(不定式作目的状语,并表示一种未来的动作)
  ② Arriving home at daybreak, he felt deadly tired. 他天亮了才到家,都快累死了。(现在分词作时间状语)
  ③ We jumped with joy to hear the news. 听到那个消息,我们高兴得跳起来。(不定式作原因状语)
  We jumped with joy on hearing the news. 听到那个消息,我们高兴得跳起来。(现在分词作原因状语)
  ④ Absorbed in the work, he neglected food and sleep. 他专心致志于这项工作到了废寝忘食的地步。(过去分词作伴随状语,并表示被动。)
  ⑤ Caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。(用过去分词只强调原因,无时间概念。)
  Having caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。(用现在分词完成式强调分词动作发生在主句动作之前。)
  Being caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。(用现在分词被动式强调分词动作与主句动作同时发生。)
  2. 分词独立主格结构
  一般分词结构作状语时,其逻辑主语就是主句的主语;而独立主格结构作状语的条件就是其逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致。分词独立主格结构的作用相当于分词短语作状语,表示原因,时间,让步,伴随状况等。
  ① The work done, we felt relieved. 工作做完了,我们感到很轻松。
  ② Weather permitting, we'll go for a picnic. 要是天气允许的话,我们就去野餐。
  ③ The students having done all the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.学生做完所有的练习后,老师接着讲课文。
【用作宾补】
  不定式和分词都可用作宾语补足语。
  1. 不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程,且动作已完成。有时还可表示一般事
实。现在分词作宾语补足语表示主动,动作正在进行;过去分词作宾语补足语表示被
动,以及动作的完成。
  ① When I caught him cheating me, I stopped buying things there. 当我抓到他欺骗我时,我就不再在那儿买东西了。
  ② Don't get your schedule changed; stay with us. 不要改变你的安排,跟我们在一起吧。
  ③ You can count on us to give you full support. 你放心,我们会全力支持你的。
  2. 一些动词,如have, make, let; see, watch, observe, perceive, notice; feel, smell, hear, listen to等,要求用不带to的动词不定式作宾补。
  ① We saw him go out. 我们看见他出去了。
② Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense. 突然我们感到气氛紧张了起来。
但这种句子如果变为被动结构,to就必须要恢复。
  ① They were made to work day and night. 他们被迫日夜工作。
  3. 动词不定式带to与不带to的小结。
  1)在had better, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon,
might(just) as well, can not   but等搭配之后,动词不定式不带to。
  ① They cannot but accept his idea. 他们不得不接受他的主意。
  ② I'd rather not have classes in the morning. 我不愿意上午上课。
  2) 在介词except, but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to;反之则须带to。
  ① There's nothing to do except wait for another train. 没有办法只有等下一列火车了。
  ② There's nothing else to do but send for the doctor. 别无它法只好请大夫了。
  ③ Nothing could save the company but to reform. 只有改革才能挽救这个公司。
  3)连词rather than, sooner than置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to。
  Rather than cause trouble, I am going to forget the whole affair. 我想把这事完全忘掉,而不是若麻烦。
  4)在Why, Why not结构中,紧接其后的动词不定式总是不带to。
  ① Why argue with him? 为什么跟他争吵呢?
  ② Why not send her some flowers? 为什么不送她一些花呢?
语法练习
 1. He turned round only ____ that his purse was stolen. B
 A. see   B. to see  C. saw  D. seeing
 分析
  选B
  译文:他转身发现钱包被人偷走了。
  解:only后接不定式,表示意料不到的结果,作句子的结果状语。
 2. The man wore dark glasses to avoid ____ . D
 A. to recognize   B. to be recognized   C. recognizing  D. being recognized
分析
  选D
  译文:那个男人戴着墨镜,以免被认出来。
  解:avoid要求动名词作宾语。根据句子意思,the man是动作recognize的承受者,故应为被动语态。
 3.Do you remember ____ to Professor Smith during your last visit? C
 A. to be introduced   B. having introduced   C. being introduced   D. to have introduced
 分析
  选C
  译文:你还记不记得你上一次来访的时候被介绍给史密斯先生?
  解:remember后接动词不定式一般式作宾语表示即将发生的动作;接动名词作宾语表示已经发生的动作。从本句的时间状语during your last visit可知这是一个已经发生了的动作。动词introduce和听话人you之间为动宾关系,故应为被动语态。
 4.____ enough time and funds, scientists would have been able to discover more in this field. A
 A. Given   B. Giving    C.To give   D.Gives
 分析
  选A
  译文:如果给予足够的时间和资金,科学家们会在这个领域发现更多。
  解:因为非谓语动词的逻辑主语是scientists,它是give动作的承受者,因此应用过去分词。  
 5.When the bell sounded, the boys rushed out of the classroom, each ____ a number of new books under his arm.. C
 A. having carried   B.carries   C. carrying   D.to carry
 分析
  选C
  译文:铃响了,一群男孩子们冲出了教室,每个人的胳臂下都夹着一些新书。
  解:分词独立结构表示陪衬动作,作伴随状语。由于carry和rush两个动作同时发生,故用一般时态。  
 6.There was so much noise, the speaker could not make himself ____ . C
 A.hearing  B.to hear    C.heard  D.being heard
 分析
  选C
  译文:噪音是如此之大以至于根本听不清演讲者在说什么。
  解:感官动词和祈使动词不但可以跟不带to的不定式作宾补,还可以跟分词作宾补。不同的是,用不带to的不定式作宾补表示补语的动作已完成;用现在分词作宾补表示补语的动作正在进行;用过去分词作宾补表示补语的动作是被动的。在本句中,祈使动词make用过去分词heard作宾补,表示被动的概念(“被听见”)。  
 7.I've got a loaf of bread; now I'm looking for a knife ____ it with. B
 A.cut  B.to cut    C.cutting  D.being cut
 分析
  选B
  译文:我有一条面包,我现在正在找一把刀来切它。
  解:动词不定式短语to cut作状语,表示目的。
 8.They consider it possible ____ the plan ahead of time. D
 A. fulfill  B. fulfilled   C. fulfilling  D. to fulfill
 分析
  选D
  译文:他们认为提前完成这个计划是有可能的。
  解:consider, find, think, feel, make等动词常以不定式或动名词作宾语,若含有宾补(常为形容词或名词),可用it作形式宾语,把真正的宾语置于宾补之后。在本句中,to fulfill the plan ahead of time为其真正的宾语。用不定式作宾语一种将来的含义,故选D。
 9.While ____ the conference here, she came across an old friend at a restaurant. A
 A.attending  B.attends    C.to attend   D.being attended
 分析
  选A
  译文:在这儿开会的时候,她在一家餐馆里碰见了一位老朋友。
  解:不定式作状语表示目的,结果;分词作状语可表示时间,原因,伴随状况,让步,条件,方式等。在本句中,主句动作在分句动作进行过程中发生,分词用一般时,前面常有while, when等时间连词。
 10.Many of the world's great novels are reported ____ films last year. D
 A.to be made into   B. being made into    C.to have made into   D.to have been made into
 分析
  选D
  译文:据报道,去年很多世界著名的小说都被拍成了电影。
  解:不定式的逻辑主语novels是不定式动作的对象,故不定式要用被动语态;又因不定式的动作先于主句谓语are reported的动作,故用完成时。
 11.The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of a mountain. A
 A.isolated  B. isolating   C.being isolated   D.having being isolated
 分析
  选A
  译文:这所房子由于孤零零地位于山边,所以非常安静。
  解:分词作原因状语,其逻辑主语为house,因而用过去分词表示被动。分析上下文,可知过去分词短语在这儿只表示一种事实或状态,所以不必用进行时或完成时。
12.All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. C
 A.considering  B. be considered     C.considered  D.having considered
分析
  选C
  译文:考虑到方方面面,计划好的这次旅行只好取消了。
  解:分词独立句作状语。在状语中,逻辑主语all things为受事者,因而用过去分词表示被动。分词的动作和主句的动作没有先后关系,所以不需要用完成时态。
13.As early as 1674, Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____ 50 households or more. B
  A. to have  B. having   C. to have had   D. having had
分析
  选B
  译文:早在1647年俄亥俄州就做出决定:在每个有50户以上居民的城镇中必须设立免费的,由税收支持的学校。
  解:本题主要考查现在分词与不定式作定语的区别。现在分词作定语表示事实,正在进行;不定式作定语表示目的,忠告,将要做之事。这里讲述的是一种事实,故不能用不定式,也不必用分词完成时。
 14.After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____ to go to school. C
 A.to be encouraged   B. been encouraged   
 C.being encouraged  D.be encouraged
 分析
  选C
  译文:译文:阿拉伯国家独立以后,特别重视发展教育,不但鼓励男孩子上学,也鼓励女孩子上学。
  解:with引导的独立主格结构。with可与介词短语,不定式,分词短语,形容词等构成独立结构作状语。不定式作独立结构与分词作独立结构的不同在于,不定式表示目的或将来的动作,分词表示状况或事实。根据上下文,可知C)比A)更恰当。
 15.The speech ____, a lively discussion started. D
 A. being delivered   B. was delivered   C.be delivered   D.having been delivered
 分析
  选D
  译文:讲话结束之后,开始了生动活泼的讨论。
  解:独立主格结构题。由于deliver的逻辑主语不是discussion而是speech,且为“动宾关系”,故需要用被动语态;又由于deliver的动作发生在主语动作started之前,故需要用完成时。



好贴,顶!非常感谢楼主!!!!!!!!!


谢谢楼主。


阳光灿烂,好心情。

谢谢春花,不过请问有从句的语法吗???


susan

谢谢春花 !


谢谢啦!!!


 9 7 1 2 3 4 5... 8 : 此主题共有272帖 此页8帖 每页8



回复帖子 注意: *为必填项
*用户名
用户名 密码 注册新用户
*帖子名称 长度不得超过255字
内容(最大16K)

是否是UBB代码

内容支持插入UBB标签
使用方法请参考帮助
 其它选项:  显示签名   锁定帖子  - 颜色表   Alt+S或Ctrl+Enter快速提交