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三级英语第二道大题应试策略 一、大纲要求 最新《大学英语教学大纲》(1999)对语法的要求是:“巩 固和加深基本语法知识,提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。”大纲》对词汇的要求是:“领会式掌握3200单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为1500),以及由这些词构成的常用词组1200条(中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内),并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。 二、成人英语三级考试语法结构与词汇考查内容 成人英语三级考试考试对语法词汇的考查与《大纲》要求是十分一致的。综观近年来的四级考试题,我们不难发现成人英语三级考试考试语法词汇部分是这样体 现《大纲》的。 1.语法考题的涉及面宽 近年考题曾经考到:几乎所有词类,三种动词的非谓语形式,名词从句,形容词从句,副词从句,独立主格,一致,倒装,强调等基 本语法知识。 2.语法考试的重点突出 语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目,这些项目还反复出 现如:虚拟语气,状语从句,定语从句,独立主格,情态动词。 3.具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法,不常用的情况 1)虚拟语气的考点为:would rather+that从句+一般过去时: It is vital/necessary/important/urgent/imperative/desirable/advisable/natural/essential+that+动词原形;It is time/abouttime/hightime+that+一般过去时:proposal/suggestion+that+动词原形;lest+that+should+动词原形;if only+that+would+动词原形。 2)状语从句的考点为:非if引导的条件状语从句,此类句子多用 at times,provided,so long as,in case,once等来替代if;由 evenif/so,now that,for all等引导的让步状语从句;just/ hardly…when引导的时间状语从句;more than,as…as,not so much as,the same as,as much as等引导的比较状语从句。 3)独立主格结构多以逻辑主语+分词的形式出现。 4)情态动词多与完成时形式连用。 5)定语从句重点考查介词+关系代词(which)和as作为关系代词。 4.词汇的考查重点为 1)动词,名词与介词的搭配如:popular/patient+with; yield/solution/adapt/transfer/access+to;accuse/require+of;charge+for;under+discussion等等。 2)习惯用法如:confess to/set about/be used to+doing; be supposed to/have/make sb.+do等。 3)由同一动词构成的短语如:come,go,set,break等构成的短 语。 4)单个的动词,抽象名词,形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的 形式出现。 5)介词短语在句中作状语如:in terms of;with the exception of;in vain等,另外还应注意rather than,other than,suchas,none/nothing+but等词在考题中的出现。 5.近年来考题中的新趋势为:若干考点混合出现:一些交际用语 也时常出现在考题中。 三、复习思路 1.全面掌握基本语法点,重点记住各个项目中的“偏,特,难”点 2.掌握常用习惯用法和词组 3.注意在阅读中培养语感,因为在语篇层次上培养的语感往往可以直接帮助答题 4.研究以往考试试题,适当做些练习记住典型题例 四、词汇题答题技巧 由于《大纲》强调要在语篇层次上解决语法与词汇问题,所以四成人英语三级考试的这部分试题也很少是单个的句子,大多为并列句或复合句,因此我们也应学会根据语篇知识来掌握答题技巧,尤其是要注意句子之间的解释、对比、转折、因果等关系。 1.利用动词词组中的介词或副词确定正确选项 命题人员想考查考生是否掌握了某一动词词组的用法,在设计四个选项时,有时会让一个动词出现在四个选项中,只是后边的介词或副词不一样。在做这一类题时,如果我们认识某一词组,根据自己的判断毫不犹豫地选择你认为是正确的选项。如果不认识或拿不准词组的意义,我们可以根据上下文以及动词后边的介词或副词进行推导。 1)Having decided to rent a flat,we__contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city。 A)set about B)set down C)set out D)set up 本题的答案为A)。本句前边说“已经决定租房,我们联系房屋中介商……”这里需要填“开始”的意思。从动词后的4个介词来说,只有about有表示“将来”(be about)的意思,所以A为正确答案。需顺便补充的是,set about结构中,about是介词,因此它后面如果跟动词,需要用动词的-ing形式。 2)When he realized the police had spotted him,the man__the exit as quickly as possible. A)made off B)made for C)made out D)made up 本题的答案为B)。这里空格处要填的是表示“走向”之意,这里只有“for”表示在同一水平线上“向……方向”。注意,句中有exit一词,表示the man是在一建筑物内,所以不可能用out the exit(注意上下文),而且out是一个副词,后面接名词时需要有介词of,所以正确选项是B)而不是C)。 2.利用动词词组中的动词确定选项 有些题的四个选项中的介词或副词一样,而动词不同,这时我们就可以利用动词的区别来确定正确选项,如下例: If you__the bottle and cigarettes,you'll be much healthier. A)take off B)keep off C)get off D)set off 本题答案为B)。keep与off合在一起是“与……保持距离,远离……”的意思,根据句义“如果你不喝酒(这里bottle代指酒)、吸烟,你就会更健康”,正确选项为B)。 3.释义参照型+近义词 由于句子之间语义的关联,句中一部分有时对另一部分构成解释关系,我们可以根据已经明示的部分来确定选项。 1)The medicine is on sale everywhere.You can get it at__chemist's. A)each B)some C)certain D)any 正确选项为D)。本题中前一句中的everywhere就决定了第二句中的空格处填(at)any(chemist's)。 2)The manager spoke highly of such__as loyalty,courage and truthfulness shown by his employees. A)virtues B)features C)properties D)characteristics 正确选项为A)。本句中as后面的名词loyalty(忠诚),courage(勇气),truthfulness(实事求是)是对空格处名词进行的解释。本句中的3个名词归纳起来都属于人应当具有的“美德”,所以本题的答案为A) 8.根据词的同现确定正确选择项 同现即同一组词总会出现在同一个语义场中。考试题中出现的同 现现象主要是动词与名词的同现、形容词与名词的同现、名词与名词 的同现。 1)The government is trying to go something to__ better understanding between the two countries. A)raise B)promote C)heighten D)increase 正确选项是B)。better和空格处的内容属动词和名词的重现。 4个选项中只有B)promote才能和better understanding搭配,表示 “促进”的意思。 2)John Dewey believed that education should be a preparation for life,that a person learns by doing,and that teaching must__the curiosity and creativity of children. A)seek B)stimulate C)shape D)secure 正确选项是B)。所给4个选项中只有B)stimulate才能和 curiosity和creativity同现,表示“激励,激发”的意思。 3)Remember that customers don't__about prices in that city. A)debate B)consult C)dispute D)bargain 正确选项是D)。本句中customers,prices和选项中的bargain可 以出现在同一语义场中。bargain about短语意思是:就……讨价还价。 |
词汇题答题技巧示例 由于《大纲》强调要在语篇层次上解决语法与词汇问题,所以三级考试的这部分试题也很少是单个的句子,大多为并列句或复合句,因此我们应学会根据语篇知识来掌握答题技巧,尤其是要注意句子之间的解释、对比、转折、因果等关系。 1.利用动词词组中的介词或副词确定正确选项 命题人员想考查考生是否掌握了某一动词词组的用法,在设计四个选项时,有时会让一个动词出现在四个选项中,只是后边的介词或副词不一样。在做这一类题时,如果我们认识某一词组,根据自己的判断毫不犹豫地选择你认为是正确的选项。如果不认识或拿不准词组的意义,我们可以根据上下文以及动词后边的介词或副词进行推导。 1)Having decided to rent a flat,we__contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city。(1998年1月CET4) A)set about B)set down C)set out D)set up 本题的答案为A)。本句前边说“已经决定租房,我们联系房屋中介商……”这里需要填“开始”的意思。从动词后的4个介词来说,只有about有表示“将来”(beabout)的意思,所以A为正确答案。需顺便补充的是,set about结构中,about是介词,因此它后面如果跟动词,需要用动词的-ing形式。 2)When he realized the police had spotted him,the man__the exit as quickly as possible.(1991年1月CET4) A)made off B)made for C)made out D)made up 本题的答案为B)。这里空格处要填的是表示“走向”之意,这里只有“for”表示在同一水平线上“向……方向”。注意,句中有exit一词,表示the man是在一建筑物内,所以不可能用out the exit(注意上下文),而且out是一个副词,后面接名词时需要有介词of,所以正确选项是B)而不是C)。 2.利用动词词组中的动词确定选项 有些题的四个选项中的介词或副词一样,而动词不同,这时我们就可以利用动词的区别来确定正确选项,如下例: If you__the bottle and cigarettes,you'll be much healthier.(1997年1月CET6) A)take off B)keep off C)get off D)set off 本题答案为B)。keep与off合在一起是“与……保持距离,远离……”的意思,根据句义“如果你不喝酒(这里bottle代指酒)、吸烟,你就会更健康”,正确选项为B)。 3.释义参照型+近义词 由于句子之间语义的关联,句中一部分有时对另一部分构成解释关系,我们可以根据已经明示的部分来确定选项。 1)The medicine is on sale everywhere.You can get it at__chemist's.(1997年6月CET4) A)each B)some C)certain D)any 正确选项为D)。本题中前一句中的everywhere就决定了第二句中的空格处填(at)any(chemist's)。 2)The manager spoke highly of such__as loyalty,courage and truthfulness shown by his employees.(1998年1月CET4) A)virtues B)features C)properties D)characteristics 正确选项为A)。本句中as后面的名词loyalty(忠诚),courage(勇气),truthfulness(实事求是)是对空格处名词进行的解释。本句中的3个名词归纳起来都属于人应当具有的“美德”,所以本题的答案为A)。 4.因果参照型+近义词 这是指在一句或两句话中,要么通过“因”推出“果”,要么通过“果”推出“因”。这是利用语法关系去确定选项,如下列例句。 1)Some old people don't like pop songs because they can't__so much noise.(1997年1月CET4) A)resistB)sustainC)tolerateD)undergo 正确选项为C)。本句从don'tlike…,推出后边的can't tolerate,表示“不能容忍”的意思。 2)As a result of careless washing,the jacket__to a child's size.(1998年1月CET4) A)compressedB)shrankC)droppedD)decreased 正确选项为B)。通过原因“acreless washing”推出正确选项 B)shrank,意思是“收缩”。注意四个选项中只有B)项表示“衣服缩水”的意思:其他各项的意思是:A)紧压,压缩;C)下降;D)减少。 3)Since the matter was extremely__,we dealt with it immediately.(1998年1月CET4) A)toughB)tenseC)urgentD)instant 正确选项为C)。后半句中的副词“immediately”可以推出前半句中的“urgent”(迫切的紧急的)。 5.转折或反义与对比参照型 这种类型题有的是通过转折词或反义词、或对比词来确定选项,有的是通过句中词来确定选项中的转折词。 1)Even though he was guilty,the__judge did not send him to prison.(1997年1月CET6) A)mercifulB)impartialC)conscientiousD)conspicuous 正确选项为A)。让步状语从句中的guilty和主句的意思表明法官是一个“仁慈”的人。所以A)项正确。其他三项的意思分别是:B)正直的、公正的;C)有良心的;D)显著的。 2)__their differences,the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other.(1998年1月CET4) A)But forB)For allC)Above allD)Except for 正确选项为B)。句中的their differences,obvious and genuine affection可确定选项中的转折词只能是for all,意思是“尽管”。 3)These good sare__for export,though a few of them may be sold on the home market.(1998年6月CET4) A)essentiallyB)completelyC)necessarilyD)remarkably 正确选项为A)。通过转折词though和对比词export与home market可确定选项为A),意思是“基本上”。其他三项都不符合句意。 4)Mr.Morgan can be very sad__,though in public he is extremely cheerful.(1997年1月CET4) A)by himselfB)in personC)in privateD)as individual 正确选项为C)。通过后半句的转折词though和对比词in public…cheerful来确定sad in private,意思是“私下里”。 6.反义对比参照型+近义词 这里指的是利用句子主干中的某词或短语,再加上四个近义词选项的区别来确定正确选项。 1)Competition,they believe,__the national character than corrupt it.(1997年1月CET6) A)enforcesB)confirmsC)intensifiesD)strengthens 正确选项为D)than决定了这里的corrupt(腐坏,破坏)与空格处的词相对,所以空白处应填入D),表示“加强”的意思。 2)I think she hurt my feelings__rather than by accident as she claimed.(1997年1月CET6) A)virtuallyB)deliberatelyC)literallyD)appropriately 正确选项为B)。通过rather than可知by accident与空格处相对。by accident的意思是“偶然地,不经意地”,与此相对的应当是deliberately,“故意地”。 3)As an excellent shooter,Peter practised aiming at both__targets and moving targets.(1997年6月CET6) A)standingB)stationaryC)stillD)stable 正确选项为B)。根据从句我们知道这个射手什么靶子都能射中,“both…and”表明moving与空格处相对。moving的意思是“移动的”,与此相对的应是stationary,表示“定置的,非移动的”的意思。 7.语意环境参照型 1)The president made a__speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting,which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.(1997年1月CET4) A)vigorousB)tediousC)flatD)harsh 正确选项为A)。“encourage”表明了校长所作发言的特点是积极的,肯定的。所给四个选项中只有A)vigorous是一个褒义词,意思是:有力的,其他三项从词语色彩上均不符合语境。 2)However,at times this balance in nature is__,resulting in anumber of possibly unforeseen effects.(1998年6月CET4) A)troubledB)disturbedC)confusedD)puzzled 正确选项为B)。从句子的后半部分的result in effects可知balance in nature受到了破坏。Disturb符合句义。 8.根据词的同现确定正确选择项 同现即同一组词总会出现在同一个语义场中。考试题中出现的同现现象主要是动词与名词的同现、形容词与名词的同现、名词与名词的同现。 1)The government is trying to go something to__better understanding between the two countries.(1997年6月CET4) A)raise B)promote C)heighten D)increase 正确选项是B)。better和空格处的内容属动词和名词的重现。4个选项中只有B)promote才能和better understanding搭配,表示“促进”的意思。 2)John Dewey believed that education should be a preparation for life,that a person learns by doing,and that teaching must__the curiosity and creativity of children.(1998年6月CET4) A)seek B)stimulate C)shape D)secure 正确选项是B)。所给4个选项中只有B)stimulate才能和curiosity和creativity同现,表示“激励,激发”的意思。 3)Remember that customers don’t__about prices in that city.(1991年1月CET4) A)debate B)consult C)dispute D)bargain 正确选项是D)。本句中customers,prices和选项中的bargain可以出现在同一语义场中。bargain about短语意思是:就……讨价还价。 |
常考词汇 1.虚拟语气 1)用于宾语从句,从句谓语用should + 动词原形或只用动词原形。 这类动词有 order, demand, require, request requested (被请求的), direct, instruct (教导,命令), command (命令,指挥), urge (催促,促进), rule, suggest suggested (暗示的), advise (劝告,警告), vote (选举,表决), propose (提议,建议),proposed (被提议的), move, recommend (劝告,介绍), prefer, decide decided, insist (坚持,强烈要求), desire (愿望,欲望,要求),desired (渴望的,想得到的). 2)用于主语从句,从句谓语用should + 动词原形或只用动词原形。 这类动词有: vital (重要的,致命的), important, essential (必不可少的,必要的), necessary (必定,当然),unnecessary (不必要的,多余的), impossible (不可能的,做不到的), sad, strange (奇怪的,陌生的), fitting (适应,配合), proper (适当的,特有的), appropriate (适合的,恰当的), settled (固定的). 2. 不定式 1) 通常只接动词不定式作宾主的常考动词: agree, attempt (试图,努力), claim (主张,断言), decide, demand (要求,需要), ask, beg (乞讨,请求), fail (失败,忘记), care, consent (同意,答应), promise (答应,有希望), desire, hope, intend (想要,打算,企图), learn, offer (提供,提议), plan (设计), refuse, pretend (假装), require, appear (好像是,仿佛), arrange, expect, manage, tend (倾向,照料), afford (供给,担负得起), wish, want, seem (好像,仿佛), struggle (斗争), threaten (威胁), wait, undertake (接受,承担), venture (冒险,敢于), seek (寻找,试图), resolve (决议,解决), aim (志在,瞄准), apply (申请,运用), profess. (表示), happen, guarantee (保证),neglect (疏忽,忽略), prove (证明,结果), trouble (打扰,费神), bother (打扰,麻烦), care (关心,喜欢), choose (选择,甘愿), etc. 2) 用于动词+宾语+不定式结构的常考动词: force (强迫,迫使), hire (雇佣,租借), tell, require, teach (教书,教训), warn (警告), allow, ask, inform(通知,告发) beg, convince (使信服,使确信), expect, invite (邀请,招待), order, permit (允许,许可), promise (允许,答应), instruct (指示,命令), prepare (准备,预备), urge (鼓励,促进), remind (提醒), want, advise (忠告,通知), persuade (说服,使相信), cause (引起), dare (敢,胆敢), forbid (禁止), like, challenge (挑战), request, get, need, oblige (迫使,使感激), encourage (鼓励,促进), enable (使能够), compel (强迫,逼迫), recommend (劝告,推荐), declare (宣布,表明), prove (证明,鉴定), command (命令,指挥), lead (引导,带领), press (压,挤), etc. 3) 用于be+形容词+不定式结构的常考动词: anxious (担心的,渴望的), dangerous (危险的,不安全的), pleased (高兴的,满足的), hard , eager (热心的,渴望的), easy, fortunate (幸运地,侥幸的), strange (奇怪的,陌生的), good, ready (现成的,情愿的), usual (通常的), prepared, surprised (感到惊讶的), common (普通的,公共的), useless (无用的,), asked , lucky, difficult (困难的,艰难的), likely (可能的,), careful (小心的,仔细的), sure (确信的,一定的), glad (高兴的,愉快的), sorry (难过的,悔恨的), bored (无聊的,烦人的), able, free, quick, willing., determined, afraid. etc. 4) 用于名词+不定式结构的常考名词: failure (失败者), offer (提供,提议), plan, ability (能力,才能), decision (决定,果断), desire(愿望,要求), chance, permission (许可,允许), occasion (场合,时节), fun (玩笑), honor (荣誉,尊敬), wish, pleasure, opportunity, demand (要求,需求), way, refusal (拒绝,推辞), responsibility (责任,职责), freedom (自由,自主), promise, etc. 5) 后面跟省去 “to” 的不定式作宾补的常考动词: see, watch, notice (注意,通告), observe (遵守,注意到), hear, listen to, feel (感觉,认为),get,make, have, let, help, know, look at, smell. etc. 6) 表结果的短语+不定式:so…as to…, such…as to…, enough to…, only to…, too…to… 3.动名词: 1) 通常只接动名词作宾语的动词: admit (承认,接纳), appreciate (感激,评价), avoid (避免,逃避), delay (推迟,延误), deny (否认,), enjoy, finish, miss, postpone (推迟,延期), put off (拖延), practice, quit (离开,停止), suggest, keep, complete (完成,结束), anticipate (期望,预料), discuss, understand, favor(喜爱,帮助), escape (逃避,避免), forgive, consider, prohibit (禁止,不准), mind, dislike, can’t help(禁不住), risk, involve, imagine (想象), look forward to (期望,盼望), can’t stand (不能忍受), consider, ensure, excuse, pardon, give up (放弃), include, keep on (遵守), report, suggest. involve, etc. 2) 常跟动名词作宾语的动词短语: approve of (赞成), insist on (坚持,强调), persist in, spend in ,engage in (从事), depend on, keep on, rely on (依靠,信赖), worry about, succeed in, give up, calculate on (计算), lead to(通向,导致), contribute to (有助于), devote to (献身,投入), object to (反对), look forward to, confess to (承认), concentrate on(集中于), focus on (使集中于), etc. 3) 用于 “名词+介词+动名词”结构的名词: pleasure in (以…为乐), opportunity of (…的机会), advise on (就…提出劝告), method for (…的方法), excuse for (…的借口), intention of (…的目的,意图), probability of (…的可能性), concern about (对…的关心), difficulty in (限于…的困境), trouble in (遇到…的麻烦), shortage of (…的不足), comment on (…的评论), importance of (…的重要性), necessity of (…的需要), approach to (接近/探讨…), etc. 4) 用于 “be+形容词+介词+动名词”结构的形容词: accustomed to (习惯于…), afraid of (害怕…), fond of (对…的喜爱), successful in (在某方面的成功), capable of (有…的能力), tired of (厌烦做某事), interested in, intent on (在某方面的打算), keep on, used to, good at, particular about (…的细节), bent on (致力于….), engaged in (从事于/忙于做某事), involved in (限入), devoted to (把…奉献给,专心于…),etc. 5) 动词后可跟原形动词和动名词::+do/doing discover (发现,发觉), feel, find, force (强迫,迫使), get, imagine (想像,假想), etc.. 6)v.+sb. into doing:,动词有:cheat (欺骗), trick (欺骗,哄骗), deceive (欺骗), fool(愚弄), shame (侮辱),surprise(惊讶,吃惊), talk.etc.7)v.+sb. from doing,动词有: prevent, stop, keep, hinder(阻碍), restrain(抑制), save(拯救,节省). 1. fill in out 填写表格 find out 查明,发现 2. get/put across 解释清楚 get along (with)与…相处 get at 到达,知道,领会,意思指 get away 走开,离开,逃脱 get by 通过,过得去,过活 get down 从…下来,写下 get sown to sth. 开始,着手做 get in 进入,参加,收获,收回,插嘴 get by heart 记住,背诵 get off 下车,动身离开 get out of 逃避,逃掉 get over 克服掉 get rid of 摆脱 get the best of 从中得到最大益处 get the better of 占据上风,胜过 get through 通过,完成,接通电话,花光钱 get to 到达,触及 3. go into 详述,调查,研究,从事 4. hand down 传下来,传给 go off 不再喜欢,爆炸,成功进行 hand in 上交 go out 熄灭,停止运转,过时 hand out 分发 go over 仔细查看,检查 hand over 移交,交付给 go through 检查,经历,遭遇 5. hang about/around 闲荡 go up 上升,被炸毁 hang on 等待片刻,抓紧不放 go without 不享受,没有也无妨 hang up 挂起来,挂断电话 go wrong 出毛病 6. head for 向…走去,驶向 7. help oneself to 自取所需 8. hold back 阻止前进,忍住,抑制 9. impose on 强人所难,欺骗 10. keep an eye on 留意照看 keep back 隐瞒,保留,阻止 keep down 限制,控制,降低 keep off 使不接近,避开 keep on 继续,反复地做 keep to 遵守,信守,坚持 stick to 坚持 adhere to 坚持 11. knock down 打倒,击倒 knock out 打昏,击昏 13. lay 置放,铺,设置,布置 lay aside 放在一边,储蓄 set aside 储蓄 put aside 储蓄 lay down 放下,规定,制订 lay out 安排,布置,设计 lay off 下岗,辞退 14. leave alone 听其自然,别管 15. lie in 在于 hold on 握住不放 16. line up 使排成行,排队 hold onto 紧紧抓住 17. live on (靠某人、某事)生活 hold out 伸出,坚持要求,不屈 live through 度过,经受过 hold up 举起,耽搁 live up to 遵守,不辜负期望 18. look after 照料,管理,关心 look at 看 look back 回顾,回头看 look down upon 看不起 look for 寻找 look forward to 期待着 look in 顺道访问 look into 调查,观察 look on 参观 look out 注意,留神 look over 把…看一遍,温习,查看 look through 浏览,通读 look up to 尊敬,敬仰 19. lose heart 失去信心 leave behind 忘了带,留下 leave for 动身前往产 leave off 停止,中断 leave out sth. 漏掉 20. lend itself to 有助于,适合于 21. let alone 别碰,别打扰,要不要说 let down 让…失望 let go of 放开,松手 let in 容许进入,漏水,把衣服弄窄 let loose 放松,释放 let off 排放,放过,宽恕 22. pass away 逝世 pass out 失去知觉,昏倒 23. pay back 偿还,回报,报复 pay off 还清,得到好结果,取得成功 pay up 拣起,中途搭人,学会 24. play a joke on 和某人开玩笑 play a part in 扮演角色,发挥作用 play with a toy 玩弄,摆弄 25. pull down 拆毁,拉侄,拉下,降低 pull in (车船)进站 pull off 脱衣等,实现 pull on 穿、戴 pull out 拔出,(车船)驶出 pull up 使停下 26. put across 解释清楚 put away 放好,收好,储蓄 put forward 提出计划、要求等 put in 花费,付出时间,正式提出 put off 推迟 put on 穿上,增加体重 put out 熄灭,公布,发布,生产出 put up 建造,搭起,提供膳宿,张贴 27. refer to 提及,参考 28. regardless of 不顾,不管 29. lose one’s head 不知所措 lose one’s temper 发脾气 lose one’s way 迷路 lose the track of 失去对…的联系 30. major in 主修 make for 走向,导致,促成 make sense 讲得通,有意义 make up(for) 补偿,弥补 make way for 开路,让路 make from 由…制成 31. mix up 混合,搞混 32. object to 反对,不赞成 33. occur to sb. 使某人想起 34. remind sb of sth. 使某人想起 35. resort to 诉诸于 36. result in 导致后果 result from 由于什么而造成 37. ring off 挂断电话 ring up 打电话给某人 38. run away with (感情等)战胜,不受约束 run down 贬你,减少,精疲力竭 run into 偶然碰见 run out of 用完,耗尽 run over 碾过,很快看一遍 run through 贯穿,济览,花光 39. scale down 按比例缩小 scale up 按比例放大 40. see about 办理,安排 see off 给送行 see through 看破,识破 see to 照料,注意,修理 see to it that 务必做到… 41. send for 派人去请,召唤 send in 递送,提交 send off 邮寄,发送 42. serve as 作为,用作 serve sb right 活该,罪有应得 43. step in 齐步,合拍 step up 加速 44. stick to 坚持 45. set about 开始着手做某事 set aside 留出,储蓄 set down 记下,写下,放下 set apart 使分离民,使分开,拔出 set fire to 放火烧 set forth 陈述,阐明 set off 出发 形容词 1.able to do 能够做 2.about to do 打算做 3absent from 缺席 4.abundant in 充足 5.angry with/at/for 生气 6.anxious for/about 焦虑 7.applicable to 易于 8.aware of 意识到 9.bored with 厌倦 10.amazed at 惊叹于 11.faithful to 忠实于 12.busy with 忙于 13.caoable of doing 有能力做 14.certain of 有把握 15.characteristic of 特征是 16.competent in 胜任的 17.consistant with 一致的 18.concious of/with 意识到 19.contrary to 与相反 20.comvenient to 便于 21.critical of 对…挑剔 ashamed of 对…感到羞耻 22.harmful to 对…有害虫 23.confident of/in 有信心 24.dependent on 依靠于 25.different from 不同 26.eager for/to do 急于做 27.enthusiastic about for 对…有热情 28.equal to 等同于 29.equivalent to 相当于 30. essential to 重要的 31.excited about./at 为某事而激动 32.negligent of 对…马虎的 33.famillar to/with 熟悉 34.famous for 因…著名 35.fit for/to 适合于 36.fond of 喜爱 37.free from 免于 38.friendly to 对…友好 39.guilty of 有…罪 40.good at/in 善于 good for 对…有益 good to 对…友好往来 41.happy about 为…而高兴 42.loyal to 信守的 43.regardless of 不顾 44.relative to 与…有关,相对于 45.representative of 有…代表性的 46.resistance to 抵制的 47.repsonsible for/to 对…负责的 48.responsive to 响应的 49.satisfied with 对…满意的 50.separati from 与…分开的 sensitive to 对…敏感的 51.sick of 对…厌倦的 52.helpful to 对…有帮助 53.hostile to 对…的敌意的 54.ignorant of 不了解 55.innocent of无…罪的 56.jealous of妒忌的 57.keen on 热衷于 58.lacking in 缺乏 59.likely to do 可能做 60.opposite to 与…相对立的 61.proud of 为…骄傲的 62.patient with 对…耐心的 63.preferable to 比…更可取 64.previous to 在…之前 65.prior to 在…之前,优先于 66.proper to 特有的,专为…的 67.proportional to 与…成比例的 68.ready for 为…做好准备的 69.similar to 与…相似的 70.sorry about/for 为…感受到遗憾 71.strict with 对…严格要求的 72.suitable for/to 对…合适的 73.subordinate to 从属于…,下级的 74.superior to 优越于… 75.thirsty for 对…渴望的 76.typical of 有…典型性的 77.worthy of 值得的 78.popular with 受到欢迎的 79.apploicable to 适用的 80.doubtful about/of 怀疑 |
名词性词组 1. by accident 偶然地 2.in accordance with 与…一致 3.on account of 因为 4.in addition (to) 除了 5.in advance 提前 6.take advantage of 利用 7.in agreement with 与…一致 8.answer to 对…的回答 9.an appetite for 对…的爱好 10.on arrival 已到达 11.out of control 失去控制 12.in association with 与…相联系 13.on the average 平均数 14.on the basis of 在…基础 15.on board 在船、飞机上 16.on behalf of 代表 17.(run) out of breath 跑得喘不过气来 18.on business 忙于事业 19.in any case 无论如何 20.by chance 偶然,碰巧 21.in case (of) 万一 22.in charge of 负责 23.around the clock 昼夜不停地 24.in common 共同的,共有的 25.in conclusion 最后,总之 26.by comparison 与…相比较 27.on condition that 如果,在…条件下 28.in connection with/to 关于 29.in consequence of 由于,因为…的缘故 30.on the contrary 相反 31.in contrast with/to 与…截然不同,形成对比 32.in the course of 在…过程中 33.at the cost of 以…为代价 34.out of date 过时 out of danger 脱离危险 out of fashion 过时,不再时兴 out of work 失去工作 out of order 失去控制 out of practice 荒疏 out of question 毫无疑问 35.in debt负债 36.under discussion 处于讨论之中 37.in detail 详细地 38.in the distance 在远处 39.at sb’s disposal 受到某人的摆布 40.off earth 究竟 41.in effect 事实上,实际上 42.off duty 下班 43.in the end 最终,终于 44.at all events 无论如何 45.in the event of 万一 46.in essence 本质上 47.with the exception 除了情况 48.in excess 过度,超过 49.to an extent 到达…程度 50.face to face 面对面地 51.in favor of 支持,有利于 52.on fire 在燃烧 53.in force 有效,在实施中 54.in the future 未来 55.on the grounds of 以…为理由 56.on guards 警惕,防范 57.hand in hand 手拉手 58.at hand 在附近,即将到来 59.at hear 内心里 60.in honor of 为了,以…的名义 61.in a hurry 匆忙地 62.at intervals 间歇性地 63.at length 详细地 64.in the light of 依据,根据 65.at a loss 不知所措地 66.as a matter of fact 事实上 67.bymeans of 通过…手段 68.by no means 绝不 69.in memory of 为了纪念… 70.by mistake 错误的 1. in return for 作为….的回报 2. as a rule 通常、惯例 3. for the sake of 为了 4. on sale 有售 5. on a large scale 大规模地 6. in the long run 长期地 7. on schedule 按预定时间 8. in secret 秘密地 9. in sequence 依次地 10. in shape 处于良好状态 11. at the mercy of 在…..的支配下 12. the moment 一…..就 13. in nature 本质上 14. on occasions 不时地 15. in person 亲自地 16. in place of 代替、取代 17. at present 目前 18. for the present 目前、暂时 19. in public 公开地 20. for the purpose of 为了 21. at first sight 乍一看 22. in sight 可看到的 23. out of sight 看不到的 24. in terms of 根据 25. on second thoughts 又一想、转念一想 26. at a time /at one time 一次/曾经 27. for the time being 暂时 28. from time to time 常常地 29. in time 及时地 30. on time 准时地 31. in honor of 为了、以…..的名义 32. in a hurry 匆忙地 33. at intervals 间歇性地 34. at length 详细地 35. on purpose 故意地 36. beyond question 毫无疑问 确定无疑 37. at any rate 无论如何 38. at the rate of 以…..的速度 39. by reason of 由于 40. as regards 关于、至于 41. with regards to 关于 42. in relation to 有关、关于 43. as a result of 作为….的结果 44. on the top of 在…..之上 45. in truth 实际上 46. by turns 轮流地 47. in turn 反过来 48. by the way 顺便提一下 49. in a way 在某种程度上 50. word for word 逐字逐句地 51. at work 在工作、 忙于 倒装句词汇:neither = nor = no more , little , seldom , hardly , scarcely , rarely , never , not , no , in no case , in no way , not only…but also … , not until …… , hardly(scarcely)…when… , no sooner …than… ; 主谓一致词汇:as much as , as well as , rather than , more than , no less than , in addition to , with , along with , together with , except , all of , some of , none of , half of , most of , lots of , plenty of ; 名词辨异 1. mass: 质量,众多; substance: 物质(抽象的); matter: 物质(具体的); material: 材料,原料. 2. source:(某物的)根源,来源; foundation: 基础; origin: 起源,由来; basis: 以…为基础. 3. event: 状况; thing: 事情; affair: 社会活动; occasion: 场合、时机; chance: 机会、运气; 4. room: 房间; space: 空间; place: 地方; area: 面积,范围. 5. job: 职位; work: 工作; profession: 专业; living: 生活. 6. character: 个性,特征; attitude: 态度,看法; choice: 选择. 7. appointment: 约会,预约; assignment: 分配,任务; opportunity: 机会. 8. guilty: 有罪的,内疚的; criminal: 罪犯,犯人; faulty: 错误的. 动词辨异(注:vt 为及物动词;vi 为不及物动词) 1.raise:(vt)升起,使出现; rise:(vi)增长; arise:(vi)出现, arouse: (vt)唤起. 2. determine:(vt)决定; appoint:(vt)约定、任命; admit:(vi/vt)承认/容许; assume:(vt)设想,假定. 3. receive:(vt)收到; accept:(vt/vi)接受/同意; listen:(vi)收听; catch:(vi)抓住 4. fall:(vi)倒下,下跌; sink:(vi)使下沉; drop: 使跌倒,落下; lower:(vi/vt)降低/放下. 5. bring:(vt/vi)拿来/停下; take:(vt)拿,取; get:(vt)获得; carry:(vt)运送。 6.treat:对待; attend:参加; care:关心; touch:接触。 7.join: 连接、加入(in/on/up/with); mix:使混合(up); link:(vt/vi)连结/连结起来(to/up/with); combine:使联合(with)。 8.contain:(vt/vi)包含、容忍; include:(vt)包括; involve:(vt)使陷于(in); connect:连接(to/with) 9.remind: 提醒; memorize:记住; remember:(vt/vi)回忆起/记得; reflect:反应; recall:回忆; rely:依靠。 10.notice:(vt)注意; realize: (vt)认识到; recognize:承认; know:知道,了解。 11.pay:支付(for),付出; spend: (vt)度过(on); cost:在 ...方面花费(in); take:花费(时间金钱) 12.adopt:采纳,收养; adapt:使适应。 13.afford:(vt)负担得起; offer:提供。 14.effect:产生,导致; affect:影响; impress:使某人印象深刻; hurt:给...带来损害 15.damage:(vt)损害; spoil:(vt)损坏; harm:对...有害处 16.say:说,讲; tell: 告诉,讲述; talk:谈话; speak:说话,演讲。 17.commit:做坏事; confirm: 使...确信; consider:考虑; concern:关心。 18.endure:忍耐; suffer:(vt/vi)遭受/受通苦; tolerate:(vt)忍受,容忍。 19.exclude:不包含; exceed:超越; excuse:借口; execute:实施。 20.reach:到达; arrive:(vi)抵达; attach(vt)系上; achieve:(vt) 完成,达到 21.convince:确信; convey:传递; contribute:贡献; conquer:征服。 22.perceive:觉察; distinguish:区分; observe: 观察 23.transform: 使变形; transfer: 使...转变; transmit:(vt/vi)传输/发报 24.fold:折叠; bend:弯曲; curve:(vt/vi)使弯曲/成曲形; turn:(使)转动. 形容词辨异 1.empty:(中)空的,空虚的; vague:含糊的,不清楚的; bare:赤裸的;(表面)光光的; dull: 感觉或理解迟钝的,无趣的。 2. reliable:可靠的,可信赖的; respective:分别的,各自的 ; respectable:可敬的,有名望的; responsible:有责任的,负责的。 3. conceited: 自以为是的; competent:有能力的; confident:自信的,确信的; contented: 满足的,心安的。 4. intelligent: 聪明的,有才智的; efficient:能干的; proficient: 精通的; diligent:用功的,细心而继续不断的。 5. sensitive:敏感的,感光的; sensible:明智的,有感觉的; sentimental:感伤性的, serious: 认真的; sincere:诚挚的,真实的。 6. available:可利用的; preferable:更好的; reliable:可靠的; actual:实际的,真实的; related:迟到的; flexible:灵活的,柔软的; concerned:关心的,有关的。 7. subsequent:后来的; beneficial: 有益的; sufficient:充分的,足够的; average:通常的,平均的。 8. comprehensive:全面的,广泛的; compound:复合的; complicated:复杂的,难解的; competent:有能力的。 |
1. above all:首先; after all: 毕竟; as to: 关于,至于; as a result: 结果. as far as: 远到, 直到. 2. at one’s best: 处在最佳状态; at other times: 在另外场合; at first glance: 乍看. at all costs: 无论如何. 3. by mistake: 错误的; by oneself: 单独. 4. there is no point in doing: 做...没道理的; it Is no use doing sth.:做...是没有用的. 5. in the way: 挡道; on the way: 在途中; by the way:顺便; no way: 决不. 6. in existence:存在, 现有; in practice: 在实践中,实际上; in part: 部分; in a row: 连续; in debt: 详细在; in person: 亲自. in public: 当众,公开地; in a hurry: 匆忙,<口>轻易; in terms of: 在...方面; in the name of:以...的名义, 凭; in honor of: 向...表示敬意; in spite of: 不管; in return: 作为报答; in turn: 依次, 轮流; in advance: 预先; in vain: 徒然; in accordance with: 与…一致,按照; in addition to: 从事(工作), 在…方面;in effect: 有效; in the event of: 如果...发生. 7. at ease: 自由自在; with ease: 轻而易举地; 8. in sight: 被看到; catch sight of: 瞥见; out of sight: 在看不见的地方. 9. at no time: 决不; at a time: 每次, 在某时; in time: 及时; on time: 准时; from time to time: 有时; once upon a time: 从前; ahead of time: 提早; in no time: 立刻; at one time of another: 曾经. 10. in favor of: 有利于,赞同; by favor of: 敬烦...便交, out of favor: 失宠于; 请面交(信封上用语). 11. out of reach: 在...范围外; out of place: 不合适; out of order: 状态不好, 次序颠倒; out of date: 过时的; out of danger: 脱离危险; out of work: 失业. 12. to one’s taste: 合味口. 13. nothing but: 只; or something: ...之类. 14. round the corner: 在拐角处; 15. only too: 没想到会…. 16. on balance: 总而言之; 17. not much of a : 称不上. 18. be amazed at: 对...感到吃惊; be curious about: 对...好奇; be accused of: 因某事控告某人; be content with: 对...满足; be caught up in: 受某物吸引/感染; be tired of: 听命于; be capable of: 能够; be aware of: 知道; be short of: 达不到; be based on/upon: 基于; be composed of: 由...组成; be guilty of: 有...之罪; be bound to: 一定要; be determined to do: 决定; be ashamed of: 耻于; be disappointed with: 对...感到失望; be known as: 被认为是; be worthy of: 值得; 19. come to a conclusion: 告一段落,得出结论; come to terms with:让步,妥协; come down in the world: 落魄; 20. draw to a close: 渐近,结果; do sb. a favor: 帮某人个忙; 21. take advantage of: 利用; take it for granted: 视为当然; take into account :重视,考虑; take the place of = in place of: 代替; 22. put into effect: 实行,使生效; 23. make an appointment: 与某人约会; make a fortune: 赚大钱; make a fuss of/over: 大惊小怪; make one’s way: 向前; 25. have a great influence on: 对...造成重大影响; have a ball: 狂欢; 26. get to one’s feet: 跟上某人; 27. feel like doing: 想要做某事; 28. go on strike: 实行罢工; 29. judging by/from: 根据...来判断; 30. attach importance to: 重视; 31. have/get/catch hold of: 拥有,抓住,得到. 32. in force: 有效的; 33. in common: 共同的; in detail: 详细地; in the case of: 至于. 34. much ado about nothing: 无事空忙,小题大做,庸人自扰. 1.attraction:吸引 attention: 注意力 attempt:努力 attack:进攻,袭击 2.complicate: 复杂的 comprehensive:综合的,理解的 compound:混合的,复合的 competent:能力强的 3.slight:轻微的,少量的 slender:苗条的,修长的,微小的,微薄的 single:单一的, simple:简单的,简易的 4.convey:表达,传递 convince:使确信 contribute:做贡献 conquer:征服 5.except:除了…之外 besides和in addition to: 除了…(包括) 6.claim: 声称 acclaim: 欢呼 declare: 正式地宣布 announce: 宣布 7.avoid: 避免,躲开 escape: 逃离 dismiss: 解散,解雇 discharge: 释放,解雇 8.block: 阻塞 bar: 阻挡、妨碍 obstacle:障碍 9.raise(及物动词) 和rise(不及物动词):抬起;升起 arise:出现 arouse:唤醒、激起 10. assure:断然地说,保证 insure:确保 ensure: 保证,担保 secure: 保护 11. cycle: 循环,循环周期 circle: 圆周,循环 12. consent: 同意, convince: 使信服 confirm: 证实,肯定 confess: 承认 13.account: 解释,说明 count: 计数, 计算 encounter: 遭遇,遇见 14.efficient:有效率的 effective:有效的 15.tired:累,使累 tied:系,打结 16.fell:击倒, 打倒 fall:下跌,砍倒(树木) 17.genuine:真诚的 genius:天才 general:总体的,普通的 generous:慷慨的 18.handy:手边的,近便的 handful:一手,一捧 manual:手工的 handle:应付,处理 19.imitate:模仿 intimate:亲密的 intermediate:中间的 immediate:马上 20.affect:影响 inject:注射 effect:产生(结果) infect:感染 21.resolve:决心 solve:解决,解答 involve:包含 introduce:介绍,引进 22.retain:保持 obtain:得到,获得, remain:保持(状态不变) maintain:保持,维持 23.memory:记忆力 memorial:纪念物 mention:提及 memorization:记住 24.pack:打包 parcel:打包裹 package:包装 25.prospect:展望、前景 perspective:预期的、未来的 respect:方面、角度 aspect:(问题等的)方面 26.capability:能力, property:财产、地产 prescription:处方, provision:准备、预备 27.existence:存在 pressure:压力, absence:缺席 presence:出席, 到场 28.recommend:推荐 recall:记起 relate:叙述 record:记录, 29.relax:放松 reveal:暴露、揭示, release:释放 conceal:隐藏、遮掩 30.refresh:振作 recover:重新获得, 恢复 reform:改革、改良 refine:修改 31.sensitive:有感觉的 sensible:懂事的、明知的 serious:真诚的 sincere:诚挚的, 真实的 32.source:来源 resource:资源 wealth:财富 cause:事业、起因 33.shadow:阴影 shade:荫、阴影 shell:壳 shelf:架子、书架 34.sign:签字 signature:签名 signal:打信号 sigh:叹气 about to: 即将 above all: 首先,尤其 accustomed to: 习惯于 ahead of: 在……前面,先于 at all: 完全,根本 all over: 到处,遍及 in all: 总共,共计 as if/as though: 好像,仿佛 as…as: 与…一样 no as/so as: … 不如…那样 back and forth: 来回,往返 make the best of: 充分利用 at best/at the best: 最好,充其量 in brief: 简要地说 trolley bus: 电车 by and by: 不久以后,将来 keep company with: 与……交往,与……结伴 compare…to: 把…比做 take delight in: 以…为乐 either…or: 或…或,不是…就是 enjoy oneself: 过得快乐 father-in-law: 岳父,公公 be fed up with: 对……极其厌倦 go by: 经过,放过,过去 on the one hand…on the other hand: heart and soul: 全心全意地 一方面……,另一方面 now that: 既然 once in a while: 间或,偶尔,有时 per cent/percent: 百分之…… prior to: 在……之前 on purpose: 故意,有意 get rid of: 摆脱,除去 primary school: 小学 sit up: 迟睡,熬夜 so…as to: 如此……以至于,如此……以便 if only: 只要,要是…就好 so for: 以便,为的是 so…that: 如此……以至于 as soon as: 一……就 no sooner…than: 一……就 sooner or later: 迟早,早晚 all of sudden: 突然 sum up: 总结 in tears: 流着泪 thanks to: 由于,多亏 on top of: 在……之上 make use of: 利用 put to use: 使用,利用 up to: 从事于,忙于, 该由……, 轮到…… wear off: 逐渐消逝 weep for: 为……伤心 as well as: 既……又,除……之外(还) no wonder: 难怪,怪不得 keep one’s word: 守信用 at(the)worst: 在最坏的情况下 in accord with=according to: 根据 be going to do sth: 打算做某事 be to do sth: 强调近期的一种计划 let sb down: 让某人失望 let sb out: 让某人出去 let sb in: 让某人进入 put up with=stand/bear/tolerate: 忍受 serve as: 以…为职业/角色 consider as: 把…看作 be known as: 闻名 be used to do: 被用于做什么 be used to doing: 习惯于做什么 used to do: 过去常常做什么 persuade sb of…:使某人相信… persuade sb into doing… 说服某人 persist in doing sth: 坚持做某事 accident: 事故,交通事故 incident: (小)事件 event: (重大)事件 case: 法律上办的案子 as usual: 像往常一样 |
语法 一、 非谓语动词 近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%,平均每年近5道题,可谓是语法项目考查的重点,那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点,解答时又应注意些什么呢?下面我和大家就一起来分析一下: 1、非谓语动词考查特点 1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断 对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构,如: All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been canceled B. have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been canceled 四个选项中有三个是谓语动词,只有D是非谓语动词,只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语,则不用考虑时态的问题,答案自明。 2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择 谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是三级语法测试中的一个题眼。如: ① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make ② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got in. A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed ③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut 这类题涉及三个方面: 谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词? 即可接不定式又可接动名词时,结构和意思上有何差别? 不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式? 3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择 从近几年的考查情况来看,对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况: (1)对一般概念的考查,而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如: ① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished ② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one ______. A. to correct B. correcting C. having been corrected D. being corrected 同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C,②题答案为D。 (2)对固定结构的考查,如: ① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory. A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base ② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed ①题为不定式做定语的固定形式,答案为D,②题为某些特定名词的定语结构,答案为A。在英语中有些名词,如动词变来的名词,形容词变来的名词,以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定语,不定式没有体的变化。 4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择 做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择,如: ① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed ② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree. A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming ③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch. A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not ④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles. A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed 从以上各题来看,考查的侧重点有: (1)状语类别的判断 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同,目的状语要求用不定式,如②。 (2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系 根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。 (3)非谓语动词的否定形式 not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前,如③。 (4) 独立成分 有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制,称为独立成分,这类成 分只记忆即可。如: generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。 5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择 做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制,不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如: ① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed ② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute ______. A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled ③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising ④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose. A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering ⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating ⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes. A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated 考查涉及到 感官动词后的宾语补足语,如③。 have, make, let, leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。 regard类后面的宾语补足语 with独立分句后面的 常用动词后面的宾语补足语。 6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择 表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择,很少有动名词的用法的考查,虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项,只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如: ① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the mountain. A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated ② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them. A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded 分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语,也可以做其它系动词的表语,如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。 7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择 to可以是介词,也可以用来引导不定式,三级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如: ① I have no objection _______ your story again. A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard ② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems. A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal ③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company. (1997.6) A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 这类考题的考查方式有两种,一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something,这时考查的自然是to的性质;另一种是to在题干中,如③。 8) 分词前连词的使用 分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了,使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况 (1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式 Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______. A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语,答案不可能是B,从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看,应该是动宾关系,答案应该是D。 (2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词 Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___ directed. A. like B. so C. which D. as 由上下文的意思可以看出,分词所做的是方式状语,连词应该是as。 9) 非谓语动词的体 非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体,即having done, having been done和being done,完成体只用于做状语的场合,而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。 动名词的体也有having done, having been done和 being done的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。 不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done,主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。如: ① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told having told在句中做介词宾语,表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。 ② I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time. A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse 从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程,所以用不定式的进行体。 ③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started. A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered 该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语,状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,所以应该用完成体,答案为D。 |
主谓一致的三条原则 在成人英语三级测试的“词汇与结构”一题中,考查主语和谓语一致关系的试题居多。所以主谓一致是各类一致关系中应该重点掌握的内容。现代英语主谓一致大致要遵循以下三条原则:1)语法一致原则。主语是单数,谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数形式。 【例如】 My friend has no intention of going shopping with me. My friends have no intention of going shopping with me. 2)意义一致原则。主语和谓语的一致不是由主语的语法形式来决定,而是由主语所表达的意义决定。 【例如】 The class are busying writing English passages. The United States is a developed country which has advanced science and technology. 带有复数词尾的学科名称、国家等在意义是表示单数概念,用单数动词。 3)就近原则。谓语动词的单、复数取决于最靠近它的主语。由either....or, neither....nor, not only....but also连接或由here, there等引导的句子,谓语动词遵循这一原则。 【例如】Neither my friends nor I was able to persuade him to accept our advice. Either he or she has broken the window, for there is no one else there. There is a teacher and fifty students in the classroom. 动词时态语态 一、时态 1.现在时 2.过去时 3.将来时 二、语态 动词时态 英语动词从时间上看,有现在、过去、将来及过去将来之分。从体上看,有一般、进行、完成及完成进行之区别。英语时态共有16种,现以动词write 为例,将其16种形式列表如下: 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 write(s) wrote shall Write Will should writewould 进行 amis writingare was writingwere shall be writingwill should be writingwould 完成 have written has had written shall have writtenwill should have writtenwould 完成进行 have beenwritinghas had been writin shall have been writing will should have been writing would 以上16种时态中,过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、将来完成进行时以及过去将来完成进行时很少使用。因此常用的时态为12种,下面对12种时态简述如下:(其中英语自学考试要重点掌握的时态有:一般现在时、过去时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时、将来完成时等) 一般现在时 主要用来表示: 1. 客观事实与普遍真理,经常性或反复发生的动作及现在状态,常和always , every weekend , never , occasionally , often , on Sundays , seldom , once a week , usually 等状语连用。 My mother works at the same company as my father . 我母亲与我父亲在同一家公司工作。 Four plus two equals six . 四加二等于六。 He takes a walk after supper every day . 他每天晚饭后散步。 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west . 日出东方,日落西方。 2.报刊标题,体育解说或舞台指导 CHINA HOSTS OLYMPIC GAMES Charlton passes to Jodan ; Jodan shoots, it's a good goal. 查尔顿传球给乔丹,乔丹投篮,好球。 3.特殊用法: a) 代替将来时,用于时间和条件状语从句中。 Please wait till Jane arrives . 请等到简回来。 We'll go fishing if the weather is good tomorrow . b) 表预先安排好的动作,常用于begin , close , depart , finish , open , stop 等动词。 The concert begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:30. 音乐会定于7时30分开始,9时30分结束。 现在进行时 1.表示现在某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作 They are discussing how to sell the goods elsewhere . 他们在讨论如何在别的地方销售这些商品。 He's talking to his girlfriend on the phone . 他正在和他的女朋友通电话。 2.一些表示状态和感觉的动词(静态动词)一般不用进行时态, 如hate , like , love , believe, think , look (看起来),mind (在意),have (有), seem , remain , contain , deserve , owe , own ,require 等。 3.有些动词(如go , come , stay , leave , start 等)的现在进行时形式也可以表示将来即将发生的动作。 He is coming to see you tomorrow . 他明天要来看你。 The plane is leaving for London . 这架飞机要飞往伦敦。 现在完成时 1.现在完成时用来表示过去开始,但持续到现在的动作,或表示过去发生的动作,但对现在仍留下某种后果和影响。常和already , before , in the past few months , over the past 5 years, just , so far , up to now ,yet 等状语连用。 He can't go on holiday because He has broken his leg . 因为他把腿摔伤了,所以不能去度假。 I haven't seen her since 1991. 自1991年以来我就没有再看见她。 2.在It is the first time + that – 分句结构或It / This is +形容词最高级+名词后的从句中用现在完成时 It's the third time I have explained this particular aspect of grammar. 这是我第三次讲解这条语法的特殊用法。 He's the most interesting person I have ever met . 现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时用来表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能刚刚结束,或者可能要继续进行下去。 The children have been watching TV all morning . 这些孩子整个上午都在看电视。 一般过去时 一般过去时主要用来表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,常和表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday , last week , three years ago , in 1998 等)连用。 He made the statement at a meeting with Ambassador Last Friday . 上周五他在与大使的会谈中发表了声明。 She often came to help me at that time . 那时她经常来帮助我。 1. 在时间状语从句中,代替过去将来时。 I missed that exciting game , because mother said I couldn't watch before my homework was finished . 我错过了那场激动人心的比赛,因为妈妈说我完做作业才能看电视。 2. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别: a) 现在完成时强调动作现在的结果;过去时着眼过去的动作或状态。 He went to Africa . 他到非洲去了。 He has gone to Africa . 他已经到非洲去了。 He has been to Africa . 他去过非洲。 b) 表示过去的时间状语只用于过去时,不能用于现在完成时: He died ten days ago . He has been dead for ten days . 过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。 I was practicing my oral English at eight o'clock yesterday evening. 昨晚八点我正在练习英语口语。 When I saw her , she was working at the computer . 我看到她时她正在上机。 过去完成时 过去完成时用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作,或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。强调过去的过去。常和after , before , by , until 等引导的时间状语连用。过去完成时的形式是had + 动词过去分词。 When I came to her room , she had already left . 当我来到她房间时,她已离开那里了。 I waited until he had finished his work . 我一直等到他干完活。 1. 过去完成时通常与由介词“by + 表示过去时间的名词”构成的短语连用。例如: By the end of last week we had already done half of the work. 到上星期为止,我们已经做了一半的工作了。 By the time I left the school I had taught that class for ten years. 到我离开学校的时候为止,我已经教了那个班十年了。 2. 过去完成时通常用在动词said, told, asked, explained, thought, wondered等引起的宾语从句中。例如: I told them that I had done enough work for one day. 我告诉他们我这一天做的工作够多的了。 She wondered who had left the door open. 她想知道是谁没关门。 3. 在no sooner … than, hardly … when, scarcely … when, barely … when句型中,主句中的谓语动词通常要用过去完成时,从句中谓语动词要用一般过去时。例如: Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚一开口说话,听众就打断了他。 过去完成进行时 过去完成进行时用来表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。这个动作可能刚刚停止,也可能还在持续。过去完成进行时也是一个相对的时态,上下文中须有明示或暗示的作为参照的过去时间。过去进行时的形式是had been + doing。 Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year . 去年狄克决定戒烟,在这之前他已经抽了十年了。 She said she had been expecting your good news . 她说她一直期待着你的好消息。 一般将来时 主要用来表示将来发生的动作或情况以及未来的倾向: 将来时的多种表示法: 1. " shall , will +动词原形" We shall start right away . 我们马上出发。 They will leave for HongKong tomorrow. 他们明天动身去香港。 2. "be going +不定式"表示最近打算要做的事情。 What are you going to do this evening ? 你今天晚上干什么? The wall is going to be painted green . 这堵墙将被漆成绿色。 3. "be to do" 表示按计划,日程要发生的事情。 We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约定在学校门口见。 There is to be a test in the tenth week. 第十周将有一次考试。 4. "be about +不定式" 表示“正要”,“刚要”发生的动作。 Autumn harvest is about to start . 秋收就要开始了。 5. 一般现在时表示将来见5.1.3 6. 现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作见5.2.3 将来进行时 将来进行时由shall或will+be +现在分词构成用来表示在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作,或按计划在未来将要进行的动作。 This time next week she will be working in that company . 下星期的这个时候她将在那家公司工作。 I'll be waiting for you at the hotel after supper . 晚饭后我将在旅馆等着你。 将来完成时 将来完成时由shall 或will +have done 构成用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。将来完成时常与by the end of this month, by then (5 o'clock) , this time next week , by the time 等时间状语连用。 We hope it will have stopped raining before we set off for the picnic . 我们希望在出发去野餐以前雨就已经停了。 I'll have done all the work by the time you are back this evening . 你们今晚回来的时候我就将作完全部工作。 1. 将来完成时通常与:“by+将来时间”和"by the time that"结构连用。例如: ① By the year 2050, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer. 到2050年,科学家们可能已经找到了治愈癌症的方法。 ② By the time you arrive in London, we will have been staying in Europe for two weeks. 等你到达伦敦的时候,我们已经在欧洲呆了两星期了。 2. 在时间从句和条件从句中,现在完成时可以代替将来完成时,表示将来某时业已完成的动作。例如: ① You'll get to like the subject after you have studied it for some time. 在学习这个学科一段时间之后,你就会喜欢它的。 ② I'll go and see the exhibition as soon as I have finished my work. 我一做完作业就去看展览。 3. 将来完成时还可以表示“可能性”,或“设想”。例如: It's five o'clock, they will have arrived home by now. 已经五点钟了,他们现在应该已经到家了。 过去将来时 表示在过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,多见于主句谓语动词是一般过去时的宾语从句中。其形式由would 或 加动词原形构成。 He said that he would get married soon . 他说他不久就要结婚了。 [注] 和一般将来时一样, 过去将来是也有其它相应的表达形式。如 was (were)going to do 等。 动词语态 英语的语态问题主要是被动语态。关于被动语态,下面几个特点是需要掌握的: 1.动词被动语态的形式 一般 进行 完成 现在 is (am, are ) given is (am, are) being given has (have)been given 过去 was (were) given was (were) being given had been given 将来 will( shall) be given 过去将来 would (should) be given 2. 及物动词或起及物动词作用的动词短语才能有被动语态。 3. 感官动词,祈使动词(make, have, let)的主动语态用不带 "to"的动词不定式做宾语补语。但在被动结构中,作主语补语的动词不定式要带"to"。 We heard someone come up the stairs. 我们听见有人上楼。 Someone was heard to come up the stairs. 听见有人上楼。 4. say, report, think(认为), know, believe, seem, happen, prove, appear等动词常用被动语态,以带"to"的动词不定式作主语补语。不定式可以用现在时,完成时或进行时。例如: The building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years ago. 据说那幢建筑在两年前的一场大火中烧掉了。 The country is known to be rich in natural resources. 据了解这个国家有丰富的自然资源。 5. 一些主动形式表示被动的情况 英语里有些不及物动词(其主语大都指物)可以表示被动意义。这种不及物动词有下列几种: a)某些系动词,如smell, taste, sound, prove, feel等: The flowers smell sweet. 这花儿很香。 That sounds very reasonable. 这话听上去很有道理。 b)某些与can't, won't等连用的不及物动词,如move, lock, shut, open等: It can't move. 它不能动。 The door won't shut. 这门关不上。 c)某些可和well, easily, smoothly等副词连用的不及物动词,如read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, photograph等: The poem reads smoothly. 这首诗读起来很流畅。 This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 这种米做饭比那种熟得快。 d)某些可用于“主+谓+主补”结构中的不及物动词,如:wear, blow等: The door blew open. 门给吹开了。 反意疑问句 反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句。反义疑问句提出情况和看法,问对方同意不同意,这种问句都由两部分组成,前一部分用陈述句的形式,后一部分是一个附着在前一部分上的简短问句,如前一部分为肯定形式,后一部分通常用否定形式,前一部分为否定形式,后一部分就用肯定形式,两部分的时态要一致。 反意疑问句主要有下列两种形式: 1.肯定的陈述句 + 否定的附加疑问。例如: That car is running fast, isn't it? 2.否定的陈述句 + 肯定的附加疑问。 例如: That car isn't running fast, is it? 几点应该注意的情况: 1.当陈述句部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody 等合成词时, 加疑问部分中的主语 在非正式文体中往往用 they。例如: Nobody phoned while I was out, did they? Everyone enjoyed the party, didn't they? Somebody borrowed my pen yesterday, didn't they? 2. 当陈述部分是 there- 存在句时,附加疑问句部分的动词用肯定形式。例如: There's no help for it, is there? There's something wrong, isn't there? 3. 陈述部分带有 seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing 等否定词或半否定词时,附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。例如: Bob rarely got drunk, did he? Few people know him, do they? She seldom goes to the cinema, does she? 4.如果陈述部分是 I'm … 结构,附加疑问部分一般用aren't I. 例如: I'm late, aren't I? 5. 如果陈述部分以不定代词one 作主语,附加疑问句部分的主语在正式场合用 one,在非正式场合用 you。例如: One can't be too careful, can one/can you? 6. 当陈述部分是一个带有 that-分词作宾语的主从结构时,附加疑问部分一般应与主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。例如: She says (that) I did it, doesn't she? 但是,当陈述部分的主句是 I suppose, I think, I believe 等结构时,附加疑问部分则往往与that- 分句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系,但要注意否定的转移。例如: I suppose (that) he's serious, isn't he? I don't think (that) she cares, doesn't she? 7. 当陈述部分带有表示“所有”含义的动词 have 时,附加疑问部分既可以用have形式,也可用do 形式;如果陈述部分的动词是have的否定形式,附加疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式,取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如: You have a Rolls-Royce, haven't you/don't you? He hasn't a lot of time to spare, has he? Miss Smith doesn't have any money in her pocket, does she? 当陈述部分的have不表示“所有”而表示其他含义时,附加疑问部分则用do形式。例如: You often have headaches, don't you? She had a good time yesterday, didn't she? 8. 陈述部分带有情态动词 ought to时,附加疑问部分在英国英语中仍用ought to形式,但在美国英语中常用should形式。例如: The child ought to be punished, oughtn't he? We ought to go there, shouldn't we? 9. 陈述部分带有情态动词used to时,附加疑问部分可用used to形式或did形式。例如: The Greens used to live in the country, usedn't they? He used to smoke fifty cigarettes a day, didn't he? 10. 陈述部分带有情态动词needn't时,附加疑问部分常用need,但有时也可用must。例如: You needn't go yet, need you? He needn't do that, must he? 11. 陈述部分带有情态动词must表示“必须”时,附加疑问部分用mustn't。例如: You must work hard next term, mustn't you? 当陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问部分则用needn't。例如: You must go home right now, needn't you? 当mustn't表示“禁止”时,附加疑问部分一般用must。例如: You mustn't walk on grass, must you? 当陈述部分的must 表示“一定”、“想必”等推测意义时,附加疑问部分不用must,而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构采用相应的主动词或助动词形式。例如: He must be very tired, isn't he? (He must be very tired = I'm sure he is very tired.) He must have waited here for a long time, hasn't he? (He must have waited…= I'm sure he has waited …) You must have seen the play last week, didn't you? (You must have seen…= I am sure you saw…) 12. 在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问问句中,附加疑问部分一般用will you, won't you, would you, 有时也可用can you, can't you, why don't you, could you 等。例如: Don't move the chair, will you? Be quiet, would you? Give me some cigarettes, can you? Be quiet, can't you? 但是,以let's 开首的祈使句,附加疑问部分用shall we。例如: Let's go camping, shall we? Let's stop here, shall we? 以Let us开首的祈使句,如果含义是 allow us,不包括听话人在内时,附加疑问部分则用will you。例如: Let us go now, will you? Let us have a look at your book, will you? 13.当陈述部分是并列句,疑问部分通常与最临近的分句保持一致。例如: He is a teacher,but his wife is an engineer,isn't she? 语法练习 1. I'm afraid that he is afraid of being punished , ______? A A. isn't she B.aren't I C. am I D.should she 分析 正确答案是 A。部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。又如: I don't think he is bright, is he? We believe she can do it better, can't she? 2. He must be in the next classroom, _______? D A. must he B.mustn't he C.needn't he D.isn't he 分析 正确答案是 D。陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定表示推测意义时,反意问句的动词要与推测部分的动词相一致。又如: He must be a doctor, isn't he? You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you? He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he? 3.We have to get the work done tomorrow, _______ ? C A.haven't we B.have we C. don't we D.must we 分析 正确答案是 C。陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。 4.You'd like to go to the movie with me, _______? A A. wouldn't you B.will you C.do you D.shall we 分析 正确答案是 A。陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。 5.No one phoned me this morning, __________? C A. didn't you B.didn't he C.did they D.didn't they 分析 正确答案是 C。当陈述部分有everyone, someone, no one, anyone等表示人的不定代词作主语时,“尾巴”中的主语用单复数都可以。又如: Everyone is here, isn't he/ aren't they? No one liked this film, did he/ did they? 6.Tom had been to Beijing many times, he should have been in China now, _____shouldn't he? C A.hadn't he B.is he C.shouldn't he D.hasn't he 分析 正确答案是 C。由"but、and、or"引导的并列句,反意问句按邻近一致的原则。 Tom is a doctor, but his wife is a language teacher, isn't she? 7.Be quiet, _______? D A.are you B.must you C.don't you D.won't you 分析 正确答案是 D。肯定祈使句 + will you ? 多表“请求”。 Come here early next time, will you? 肯定祈使句 + won't you ? 多表“提醒注意”。 Listen to me attentively, won't you? 表邀请,请求多用 will you ,但也可根据需要选用其他形式。 Sing us a song, would you? Turn off the light, won't you? 表提醒某人做某事 ,除 won't you 外 ,还可用 would you ,can you 等。 Do write down your name have, would you? Stop talking, can you? 8.You haven't a lot of money, ________? C A. do you B. haven't you C. have you D. don't you 分析 正确答案是 C。动词have (has) 当“有”的意思讲时,尾巴中的谓语还是用have (has)的相应形式(前肯后否,前否后肯)。如: He has a lot of books, hasn't he? 9.They had a sports meeting, ________? B A.had they B.didn't they C.did they D.hadn't they 分析 正确答案是 B。当have与其它词构成某些短语,have本身已不再是“有”的意思时,尾巴中的谓语就要用do的相应形式。 10.I am not a driver, ______? A A.am I B. aren't I C.am not I D.are I 分析 正确答案是 A。当主语是第一人称单数(即"I"),谓语部分是am时,其反意问句用aren't;如果谓语是am not时,反意问句用am,如: I am reading this article, aren't I? 11.Let us go to the movies, _______will you? D A.won't you B. shall we C.will we D.will you 分析 正确答案是 D。Let's和Let us表示意思不同,反意问句也不同: Let's中的us已与let融为一体,所以Let's中的us既包括说话人又包括听话人,二者同属一方,表示建议,反意问句用"shall we?"; 而Let us中的us只代表说话人自己一方,不包括听话人,表示请求,反意问句用"will you?"。 否定的Let's not,反意问句用"OK?"或"all right?" 如: Let's go to the movies, shall we? Let's not go to the dance, OK/ all right? 12.She dislikes talking to strangers, _______? B A.does she B. doesn't she C.isn't it D.is it 分析 正确答案是 B。当陈述部分含有由 un, in , im, il, ir 等否定前缀构成的派生词时,虽意思是“不”,但疑问部分仍要用否定式。 13. I think there is something wrong with the computer, ______? C A.do I B. don't I C.isn't there D.isn't it 分析 正确答案是 C。当陈述部分主句的主、谓是 I (We) think(believe, imagine, expect, feel 等)加 that 引导的宾语从句时,疑问部分的主语(代词)和动词要与从句的一致。 |
非谓语动词 1.非谓语动词用作主语 2.非谓语动词用作宾语 3.非谓语动词用作定语 4.非谓语动词用作状语 5.非谓语动词用作宾补 非谓语动词为英语自学考试中出题最多的题型,重点考查不定式,分词和动名词 的句法功能。下面就非谓语动词的用法作一简要概述。 【用作主语】 非谓语动词能用作主语的只有不定式和动名词,它们在这一用法上略有区别: 1. 表示抽象的概念时,可用不定式或动名词作主语;表示个别的,具体的动作或 表示将来的意思时,只能用不定式作主语。 ① To solve the problem is out of question. 解决这个问题不在话下。 (表示个别,具体的动作,不用动名词短语solving the problem作主语。) ② We can not accept this idea. To accept it means to give up our stand. 我们不能接受这个观点,接受它就意味着放弃了我们自己的立场。 (To accept表示一种将来的含义。) 2. 1)不定式短语和动名词短语作主语时常用形式主语it引导。有时两者可互用。 It is not easy to master (mastering) a foreign language. 掌握一门外语不容易。 2)但在It is no good/ use / help/ point/ sense …, 和There is no … 等句式中,一般用动名词,不可用不定式代替。 ① There is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶撒了,哭也没有用。 ② It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters. 给他写信一点用也没有,他从不回信。 Is there any good trying to explain? 解释会有用吗 3)不定式的复合结构常用“It + be + adj. + for + 代词宾格+不定式”的句式,其中不定式是真正的主语,代词宾格为它的逻辑主语。 ① It is necessary for us to do some more practice. 我们必须多做一些练习。 ② That is really kind of you to say so. 你这样说真是太好了。 (在口语中,如果形容词和逻辑主语的关系很密切,常用of代替for,组成习惯用法。) 【用作宾语】 不定式和动名词均可用作宾语。 1. 一些动词要求用不定式作宾语,常见的有:afford, agree, ask, want, hope, decide, like, wish, try, learn, except, prefer, begin, help, offer, start, fail, plan, promise, refuse, 等动词。 I can not afford to buy a new car. 我买不起一辆新车。 2. 一些动词要求用动名词作宾语,常见的有:enjoy, finish, avoid, excuse, mind, suggest, practise, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, quit, risk, stop, miss, complete, escape, mention, favor等动词。 ①He still did not admit stealing the diamond. 他仍然不承认偷了钻石。 ②You should practise speaking English as much as possible. 你应该多练习说英语。 3. 有些动词后既可跟不定式又可跟动名词作宾语。这有几种情况: 1)如like, begin, start, want, love, hate, attempt, continue, intend, prefer等动词,跟不定式或动名词作宾语意思差别不太大。一般说来,用动名词表示的是抽象的,时间不确定的动作;用不定式表示的是具体的,确切的动作。 ① I like walking to school. 我喜欢步行去上学。(表示一个总体抽象的概念) ② I would like to walk to school today. 我今天想步行去上学。(表示一个具体的,确切的动作) 2) 有些动词,如stop, remember, forget, try, propose, mean, regret等,后接不定式和接动名词意思不同。 stop to do 停下来去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 remember/forget to do 记得/忘了要去做某事 remember/forget doing 记得/忘了做过某事 try to do 努力,企图 try doing 试一试某种方法 regret to do 对尚未做或正在做的事表示遗憾 regret doing 对做过的事表示后悔 mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味着 propose to do 打算做某事 propose doing 建议做某事 ① I do not remember ever meeting that man. 我不记得见过那个人。 Please remember to phone me when you get there. 请到那儿之后给我打电话。 ② I propose resting for half an hour. 我建议休息半个小时。 I propose to go to London this summer. 我打算夏天到伦敦去。 ③ I regret to tell you that you lost the game. 我非常遗憾地通知你,你输了。 3) 有些动词,如advise, admit, allow, authorize, bear, consider, like,encourage, forbid, intend, permit, recommend等,可同时用于“主语 + 动词 + 动名词”和“主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 不定式”的结构中。 ① They encouraged learning English by radio. 他们鼓励通过收音机学英语。 They encouraged me to learn English by radio. 他们鼓励我通过收音机学英语。 ② She recommended visiting the Great Wall. 她推荐游览长城。 She recommended us to visit the Great Wall. 她建议我们游览长城。 4)need, want, require, deserve, demand, bear等动词后,跟不定式时,用被动形式表示被动含义;跟动名词时,用主动形式表被动含义。注意:此时主语多为物。 This book deserves mentioning / to be mentioned. 这本书值得一提。 The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned. 屋子需要打扫了。 【用作定语】 1. 不定式,动名词和分词都可作定语。 1)不定式作定语,一般后置,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上存在着动宾关系。因此,如不定式为不及物动词,需带相应的介词。 The subject I am going to write about is rather interesting. 我正要写的这个题目十分有意思。(write 后需加上介词about) 2)动名词作定语相当于名词作定语,一般前置。 ① a swimming pool 游泳池 ② reading material 阅读材料 3)分词作定语相当于形容词作定语,单个分词作定语一般前置(但单个过去分词 常后置),分词短语总是后置。 Matter is the name given to everything which has weight and occupies space. 物质是一种名称,用来指任何一个有重量占空间的东西。 2. 分词与不定式作定语的区别: 1)现在分词作定语表示事实,正在进行之事;不定式作定语表示目的,忠告,将 要做之事。 2)分词作定语时,单个分词作定语一般前置(但单个过去分词常后置),分词短 语总是后置;不定式作定语,一般后置,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上存在着动宾关系 或主谓关系。 ① The next train to arrive was from New York.下一辆到站的列车是从纽约开来的。(train和arrive构成主谓关系;to arrive是一种将来的动作。) ② I need a pen to write with. 我需要一只笔写字。(pen和write构成主谓关系;介词with不可省。) ③ He has too many things to do. 他要做的事情太多了。(do和things构成动 宾关系;to do是一种将来的动作。) ④ A little child learning to walk often falls. 学走路的孩子常常摔跤。(learning to walk表示一种正在进行之动作。) ⑤ He wants his egg fried. 他要吃煎鸡蛋。(fried为过去分词,后置,有一种被动的含义,等于to be fried) 【用作状语】 1. 不定式和分词都可用作状语。 1) 不定式作状语常用作目的状语,原因状语,结果状语,表示一种目的,结果, 或者表示未来的动作。分词作状语,可表示时间,原因,伴随状况,让步,条件,方式等。 2) 现在分词作状语表示一种主动。过去分词作状语表示被动,并常用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。 ① To become a teacher, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree. 要成为一名教师,至少必须得有硕士学位。(不定式作目的状语,并表示一种未来的动作) ② Arriving home at daybreak, he felt deadly tired. 他天亮了才到家,都快累死了。(现在分词作时间状语) ③ We jumped with joy to hear the news. 听到那个消息,我们高兴得跳起来。(不定式作原因状语) We jumped with joy on hearing the news. 听到那个消息,我们高兴得跳起来。(现在分词作原因状语) ④ Absorbed in the work, he neglected food and sleep. 他专心致志于这项工作到了废寝忘食的地步。(过去分词作伴随状语,并表示被动。) ⑤ Caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。(用过去分词只强调原因,无时间概念。) Having caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。(用现在分词完成式强调分词动作发生在主句动作之前。) Being caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。(用现在分词被动式强调分词动作与主句动作同时发生。) 2. 分词独立主格结构 一般分词结构作状语时,其逻辑主语就是主句的主语;而独立主格结构作状语的条件就是其逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致。分词独立主格结构的作用相当于分词短语作状语,表示原因,时间,让步,伴随状况等。 ① The work done, we felt relieved. 工作做完了,我们感到很轻松。 ② Weather permitting, we'll go for a picnic. 要是天气允许的话,我们就去野餐。 ③ The students having done all the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.学生做完所有的练习后,老师接着讲课文。 【用作宾补】 不定式和分词都可用作宾语补足语。 1. 不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程,且动作已完成。有时还可表示一般事 实。现在分词作宾语补足语表示主动,动作正在进行;过去分词作宾语补足语表示被 动,以及动作的完成。 ① When I caught him cheating me, I stopped buying things there. 当我抓到他欺骗我时,我就不再在那儿买东西了。 ② Don't get your schedule changed; stay with us. 不要改变你的安排,跟我们在一起吧。 ③ You can count on us to give you full support. 你放心,我们会全力支持你的。 2. 一些动词,如have, make, let; see, watch, observe, perceive, notice; feel, smell, hear, listen to等,要求用不带to的动词不定式作宾补。 ① We saw him go out. 我们看见他出去了。 ② Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense. 突然我们感到气氛紧张了起来。 但这种句子如果变为被动结构,to就必须要恢复。 ① They were made to work day and night. 他们被迫日夜工作。 3. 动词不定式带to与不带to的小结。 1)在had better, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might(just) as well, can not but等搭配之后,动词不定式不带to。 ① They cannot but accept his idea. 他们不得不接受他的主意。 ② I'd rather not have classes in the morning. 我不愿意上午上课。 2) 在介词except, but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to;反之则须带to。 ① There's nothing to do except wait for another train. 没有办法只有等下一列火车了。 ② There's nothing else to do but send for the doctor. 别无它法只好请大夫了。 ③ Nothing could save the company but to reform. 只有改革才能挽救这个公司。 3)连词rather than, sooner than置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to。 Rather than cause trouble, I am going to forget the whole affair. 我想把这事完全忘掉,而不是若麻烦。 4)在Why, Why not结构中,紧接其后的动词不定式总是不带to。 ① Why argue with him? 为什么跟他争吵呢? ② Why not send her some flowers? 为什么不送她一些花呢? 语法练习 1. He turned round only ____ that his purse was stolen. B A. see B. to see C. saw D. seeing 分析 选B 译文:他转身发现钱包被人偷走了。 解:only后接不定式,表示意料不到的结果,作句子的结果状语。 2. The man wore dark glasses to avoid ____ . D A. to recognize B. to be recognized C. recognizing D. being recognized 分析 选D 译文:那个男人戴着墨镜,以免被认出来。 解:avoid要求动名词作宾语。根据句子意思,the man是动作recognize的承受者,故应为被动语态。 3.Do you remember ____ to Professor Smith during your last visit? C A. to be introduced B. having introduced C. being introduced D. to have introduced 分析 选C 译文:你还记不记得你上一次来访的时候被介绍给史密斯先生? 解:remember后接动词不定式一般式作宾语表示即将发生的动作;接动名词作宾语表示已经发生的动作。从本句的时间状语during your last visit可知这是一个已经发生了的动作。动词introduce和听话人you之间为动宾关系,故应为被动语态。 4.____ enough time and funds, scientists would have been able to discover more in this field. A A. Given B. Giving C.To give D.Gives 分析 选A 译文:如果给予足够的时间和资金,科学家们会在这个领域发现更多。 解:因为非谓语动词的逻辑主语是scientists,它是give动作的承受者,因此应用过去分词。 5.When the bell sounded, the boys rushed out of the classroom, each ____ a number of new books under his arm.. C A. having carried B.carries C. carrying D.to carry 分析 选C 译文:铃响了,一群男孩子们冲出了教室,每个人的胳臂下都夹着一些新书。 解:分词独立结构表示陪衬动作,作伴随状语。由于carry和rush两个动作同时发生,故用一般时态。 6.There was so much noise, the speaker could not make himself ____ . C A.hearing B.to hear C.heard D.being heard 分析 选C 译文:噪音是如此之大以至于根本听不清演讲者在说什么。 解:感官动词和祈使动词不但可以跟不带to的不定式作宾补,还可以跟分词作宾补。不同的是,用不带to的不定式作宾补表示补语的动作已完成;用现在分词作宾补表示补语的动作正在进行;用过去分词作宾补表示补语的动作是被动的。在本句中,祈使动词make用过去分词heard作宾补,表示被动的概念(“被听见”)。 7.I've got a loaf of bread; now I'm looking for a knife ____ it with. B A.cut B.to cut C.cutting D.being cut 分析 选B 译文:我有一条面包,我现在正在找一把刀来切它。 解:动词不定式短语to cut作状语,表示目的。 8.They consider it possible ____ the plan ahead of time. D A. fulfill B. fulfilled C. fulfilling D. to fulfill 分析 选D 译文:他们认为提前完成这个计划是有可能的。 解:consider, find, think, feel, make等动词常以不定式或动名词作宾语,若含有宾补(常为形容词或名词),可用it作形式宾语,把真正的宾语置于宾补之后。在本句中,to fulfill the plan ahead of time为其真正的宾语。用不定式作宾语一种将来的含义,故选D。 9.While ____ the conference here, she came across an old friend at a restaurant. A A.attending B.attends C.to attend D.being attended 分析 选A 译文:在这儿开会的时候,她在一家餐馆里碰见了一位老朋友。 解:不定式作状语表示目的,结果;分词作状语可表示时间,原因,伴随状况,让步,条件,方式等。在本句中,主句动作在分句动作进行过程中发生,分词用一般时,前面常有while, when等时间连词。 10.Many of the world's great novels are reported ____ films last year. D A.to be made into B. being made into C.to have made into D.to have been made into 分析 选D 译文:据报道,去年很多世界著名的小说都被拍成了电影。 解:不定式的逻辑主语novels是不定式动作的对象,故不定式要用被动语态;又因不定式的动作先于主句谓语are reported的动作,故用完成时。 11.The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of a mountain. A A.isolated B. isolating C.being isolated D.having being isolated 分析 选A 译文:这所房子由于孤零零地位于山边,所以非常安静。 解:分词作原因状语,其逻辑主语为house,因而用过去分词表示被动。分析上下文,可知过去分词短语在这儿只表示一种事实或状态,所以不必用进行时或完成时。 12.All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. C A.considering B. be considered C.considered D.having considered 分析 选C 译文:考虑到方方面面,计划好的这次旅行只好取消了。 解:分词独立句作状语。在状语中,逻辑主语all things为受事者,因而用过去分词表示被动。分词的动作和主句的动作没有先后关系,所以不需要用完成时态。 13.As early as 1674, Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____ 50 households or more. B A. to have B. having C. to have had D. having had 分析 选B 译文:早在1647年俄亥俄州就做出决定:在每个有50户以上居民的城镇中必须设立免费的,由税收支持的学校。 解:本题主要考查现在分词与不定式作定语的区别。现在分词作定语表示事实,正在进行;不定式作定语表示目的,忠告,将要做之事。这里讲述的是一种事实,故不能用不定式,也不必用分词完成时。 14.After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____ to go to school. C A.to be encouraged B. been encouraged C.being encouraged D.be encouraged 分析 选C 译文:译文:阿拉伯国家独立以后,特别重视发展教育,不但鼓励男孩子上学,也鼓励女孩子上学。 解:with引导的独立主格结构。with可与介词短语,不定式,分词短语,形容词等构成独立结构作状语。不定式作独立结构与分词作独立结构的不同在于,不定式表示目的或将来的动作,分词表示状况或事实。根据上下文,可知C)比A)更恰当。 15.The speech ____, a lively discussion started. D A. being delivered B. was delivered C.be delivered D.having been delivered 分析 选D 译文:讲话结束之后,开始了生动活泼的讨论。 解:独立主格结构题。由于deliver的逻辑主语不是discussion而是speech,且为“动宾关系”,故需要用被动语态;又由于deliver的动作发生在主语动作started之前,故需要用完成时。 |
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