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 帖子主题: 非谓语动词
 

非谓语动词

 非谓语动词
介词和连词
一、      介词
(一)      重点;必须掌握的介词有;about,above,along,among,at,after,around,as,before,behind,below,beside,besids,beyond,down,during,except,for,from,inside,into,like,over,near,of,off,onto,on,outside,round,since,to,till,toward,under,until,upon,with,within,without….
(二)      难点
1、      besides,except,but的区别
besides是“除…之外(还有…)”而except是“除….之外。”如;We have our lessons every day except day Sunday又如;Besides English we learn Chinese ,maths and other subjects。
当except前面有不定代词或有who等疑问词时,可用but代替如;
Who but can do such a thing?
2、      above和over,below和under,on和beneath的区别
(1)      above;只表示在上方或位置高于…之上,不一定有垂直在…之上的含义。
over;表示在…正上方。
(2)      beloe;只表示在下方或位置低于….,不一定是垂直在…之下。
(3)      on;与面接触,在…之上,beneath;与面接触,在…之下。
a.      The moon has risen above the horizon。
Put the teapot teapot over the fire。
b.      We was the valley below us。
The boat is passing under the bridge。
c.      Put some more staw beneath the mattress。
Please write on the paper。
3.be made up of,be made of…,be made from,consist of。
(1)      be made up of;表示某物由两种以上成份所组成。
(2)      be made of;表示某物用什么材料制成后,该材料仍看的出。
(3)      be made from;表示某物用什么材料制成,制成原材料完全改变原形。
(4)      consist of;只用于主动态。由….所组成,强调结果是一个统一体。
  4.表示时间的介词;at,in,at Christmas
(1)      at 表示时间的一点。如;
at 3;30,at noon,at miding,at Christmas
(2)      on表示日期及某天的上午,下午,晚上等。如;on Sunday
(3)      in
a.      表示一段时间,如;in+季节(the)spring,
in+the moring,
in+the morning,
in+a minute
in a week,in a year。In 1992。
b.      表示一段时间后的未来时间。尤其常用in`-s time表达。注意;它是以说话时间为基准的(若干时间)以后,常用作谓语是将来时态的时间状语。
It`s two O`clock。I`ll come in an hour。现在两点,我一小时后来,
The doctor will be free in 10 minutes。那位大夫十分钟后才有空。
注;a。如果表示若干时间内,常用within。如;
The meeting will end in 30 minutes(三十分钟后)
Can you finish it within 30 minutes?(三十分钟内)
c.      但在过去时态中,in 可用于表示“在若干时间以内”,这是件不要误用during如;
误;T he job was done during a yeas。
正;The job was done in a year。这工作一年内就完成了。
(4)in和after;in表示从现在起,经过若干时间后,与将来时连用,after表示以过去时间为起点,经过若干时间以后,与过去时连用。
I`ll come and after review the lessons together with you in three days。
He was back after three days。注;after可以表示在将来某个时刻以后,与将来时连用。
John will have a nap after lunch。
(4)      in和during
in表示时间时。在很多情况下可以和during换用,表示“在…期间”
   He was deeply imperessed by what he had seen during his visit。
  He didn`t say a word during the discussion。
5.表示地点位置的介词;at,in, on,
(1)      at用在小地方,在某点上‘点’是at的基本特点如;at the gate。
(2)      in用在大的地方。里面中,“中”是in的基本他点 。如;洲,国家。省。市都用。
注意;在同一地点,in和at作用不一,in表示在其中,在里面;at表示功能。
He is at the meeting。他在开会
He is in the meeting。 他在会场上(可能开会也可能做其他事)
(3)      on表示“在…(平面)上”beneath表示“在…(平面)下”如;
 on the desk,beneath the sea。
6、      表示方向,方位的介词;to,in,on。
(1)      to在…面(不属于该地区)
(2)      in在…部(属于该地区)
Shanghai lies in the east of China。上海在中国的东部。
Japan lies to the east of China。日本位于中国的东面。
(3)      若表示与某地接壤的方位常用on…如;
Vietnam lies on the south of China。越南位于中国的南面。
7、      表示工具。方式。方法和手段的介词;with, by,in,on…
(*1)with表示工具,方式,也可表示材料。
(3)      by表示途径或手段。如;We can get enery by buring fuel。(手段)
(4)      in表示方式如;He writes in ink。
(5)      on有时也表示工具,通常是在习惯用语中,如;He cut finger on a knife。
8、      地址前的介词。
(1)      门牌号用at。如;My father lives at 105 Beijing Street。
(2)      街道名称前用in,on。如;She lives in(on)Hazel Avenue。
(3)      如果门牌号。街名都有时,只在门牌号前用at,街道名前不必用介词in或on。
(4)      住在第几层楼,用on。如;I live on the third floor。
二、连词
连词主要用于单词、短语或句子之间,它们起连接作用。连词分为并列连词和从属连词。
(一)重点

一、      不定式
1、      定义;具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态变化。
2、      形式(以do为例)
主动语态        被动语态
        一般时      to do              to be done
        进行时      to be doing
完成时       to have done       to have been done
完成进行时  to have been doning
3、      用法;
(1)      用作主语;
To speak good English is not easy。
Or:It is not easy to speak good English(采用形式主语it以免头重脚轻)
It took me an hour to do the work。
(2)      用作宾语;
She decided to take the examination。
I hope to meet him soon。
(3)      宾语补足语;
They expected us to help them。
He wants this son to study hard。
  金牌重点;
不定式作宾补,如谓语动词是感官动词,使役性动词(see,hear,notice,watch,maks,have,let…),则不定式符号“to”须省略,但在被动语态中不能省。
I heard then sing in the ciassroom
I made her clean the room
The girl is heard to sing an English song。
(4)      用作表语;To teach is to learn
           His job is to sell cars。
(5)      用作状语,表示目的,结果。
  We come to school to study English(目的)=in order to
   I hurried to the store ,only to find it closed(结果)
(6)      定语;不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。
He asked for a piece of paper to write it on
                =to write it on the piece of paper。
The poor man has no house to live in=to live in the house。
Have you anything to do?=to do anything。
 
4、      不定式的时态意义;
She seems to dance very well(现在情况)
She seems to be dancing in the dancing hall(正在进行)
She seems to have danced well(过去情况)
He was happy to have been staying with his uncle(动作持续一段时间)
5、      不定式语态;
The doctor recommended him to air the room。
The doctor recommended the room to be aired。
She expects the police to find her bicycle。
She expects her bicycle to be found by the police。
She felt a bit puzzled as he had asked her such a question。
She felt a bit puzzled to have been asked such a question。
6、      不定式否定形式;not to do…
He got up early in order not to miss the train。
二、      动名词;
1、      动名词定义;具有名词性质,可在句中担任主语、宾语表语、定语,且有所有格作修饰语。
2、      形式;以do为例
doing——being done
having done——having been done
3、      用法;
(1)      主语;
Saying is easier than doing。
His coming here will be a great help。
It is no use waiting here, he has left。
It is no good smoking。
There is no getting along with him(简直无法和他相处)。
(2)      表语;
His job is keeping the hall clean as possible。
Seeing is believing。
(3)      宾语;
A、      动词宾语;He admitted taking the book。
                 I do mind your smoking here。
要点重点 要牢牢记住,下面动词须跟动名词作宾语;
admit,appreciate,avoid,complete,delay,deny,enjoy,fancy,finish,mind,practice,resent,risk,suggest,allow,permit…
特注;以allow为例;allow+doing sth(动名词作宾语)但可以;allow sb to do sth(不定式作宾补)。
这类动词常见如advise,allow,permit,recommend,etc。
B、      作介词宾语;
He left without saying goodbye to us。
I`m looking forward to meeting you。(to在这里是介词)
(4)      定语;
reading room               swimming pool      walking stick
4、      动名词复合结构;由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成。
His leaving is a great loss。
Mother dislikes my(me)working late。
John`s having seen her did not make her worried。
注释;动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语,作主语时必须是所有格。如上二例,但作宾语时可以用所有格,也可用普通格(一定要理解这句话,将例句看透)
5、      动名词时态;
I am thinking of setting a new dictionary(以后)
He never talked to me about his having been in Paris(以前)
6、      动名词语态;
He doesn`t like being flattered。
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team。
7、      动名词与不定式在用法上的几点比较;
(1)      在begin,start,continue等词后动名词或不定式区别不大。
He began writing|to write in 1980。
(2)      下列动词跟不定式或动名词所表示意义差别很大,注意使用(理解!!!)
He stopped talking。停止讲话。
He stopped to talk。停下来开始讲话。
Please remember to post the letter。记住寄走这封信。
I remember posing the letter。我记得寄出了这封信。
I forgot to lock the door yesterday昨天我忘记锁门了(未锁)
I forgot telling him the news。我忘记了我曾告诉过他这个消息(做过的事情忘记了)
三、      分词
1、      分词的性质;
  具有形容词性质,可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语,现在分词表示主动,且动作在进行;过去分词表示被动,或动作已完成。
2、      分词的形式;
例;      write(vt)         rise(vi)
          主动语态      被动语态     主动  过去分词
时态
现在时    writing         being written    rising    risen
完成时    having written    having  been written   having risen
3、      分词的用法;
(1)      定语  分词置于被修饰名词前
分词短语于被修饰名词后
        a sleeping baby=a baby who is sieeping。
        A running dog=a dog which is running。
        A broken glass=a glass which is broken。
        A beaten team=a team which is beaten(beaten是被打败的意思)
This is the problem discussed at the last meeting。
The problem being discussed is very important。
(2)      表语;The book is interesting。
He is interested in the book。
The news is exciting。
He feels excited。
(3)      宾语补足语;
   When I woke up,I found my sitting beside me。
   I`d like to have this package weighed。
掌握精髓;动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程,而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行;过去分词表示被动概念。
(4)      状语;(以下例句一定会背!!!)
A、      If you turn to the left, you`ll find the station。
Turning to the left, you`ll find the station。
B、      As I didn`t receive her letter,I called her up by telephone。
Not receiving her letter,I called her  up by telephone。
C、      While I was walking to school yesterday morning,I met a friend。
Walking to school yesterday morning,I met a friend。
D、      When she was asked if she had any bad habit,she answered that she was a heavy smoker。
Asked if she had any bad habit,she answered that she was a heavy smoker。
注意;在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。
4、      分词的时态;
 现在分词一般时表示此动作与主语谓语动词同时发生。
现在分词完成时表示此动作作主语谓语动词之前发生。
Entering the room ,he saw me。(几乎同时)
Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam。(分词动作在前)
5、      语态;现在分词一般时被动表 动作正在被进行,完成时被动强调分词所表示的动作先被完成。
The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us。
Having been warned of typhoon,the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor(渔民先被告知而后驾驶向港口)


请问这些都是北大辅导班讲的内容吗?万分感谢!!


当然不是,北大的辅导班语法是一个女老师讲的,讲得太精彩了!


是呀,关老师讲的是好,这是大家的意见


爵士,你的资料我都看了,很不错,是你从哪里找的呢,对考试有针对性没呢?


谢谢◎


谢谢,我也觉得很好,不知道这些资料你是从那里找到的?


致敬!向最可爱的人!


let's go!

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